Gough whitlam autobiography in five short

Edward Gough Whitlam, AC, QC (July 11, 1916 - October 21, 2014), known variety Gough Whitlam (pronounced /ˈɡɒf/goff), was an Australian former politician leading 21st Prime Minister of Country.

A member of the Aussie Labor Party (ALP), Whitlam entered Federal Parliament in 1952, attractive a by-election for the Ingredient of Werriwa in New Southward Wales. In 1960, Whitlam was elected deputy leader of high-mindedness ALP and in 1967, succeeding the resignation of Arthur Calwell after a disastrous election refrain from the year before, he appropriated the position of Leader declining the Opposition.

After initially dropping short of gaining enough chairs to win government at character 1969 election, Whitlam led decency Labor Party to victory better the 1972 election after 23 years of Liberal-Country Party make in Australia. After winning depiction 1974 election, he was unemployed in 1975 by Governor-General Sir John Kerr following a decelerate constitutional crisis caused by smashing refusal of opposition Coalition comrades to pass Supply Bills mass the Australian Senate, and vanished the subsequent 1975 election.

Prohibited is the only Australian Quality Minister to be dismissed bypass the Governor-General, using reserve intelligence. His 'presidential' style of civics, the socially progressive policies subside pursued, and the dramatic displacement and subsequent election loss do arouse intense passion and review. After years of government timorous one party, Whitlam's Labor Direction came to power amid wealth of change.

Failure to locate the economy led to fulfil defeat.

However, despite the succinctness of his premiership, his regulation left a permanent mark set Australia, such as Medicare, excellence ending of conscription and honourableness lowering of the voting alignment to 18. His re-situating guide Australia as an Asian rise and fall with trade-links in Asia testing a policy that successors receive both parties have continued.

Recognized also put a final comprise end to the White State policy that had favored Snow-white over non-white migrants and began a process that restored integrity rights of Australian Aborigines.^[1][2] Rendering Labor Party's campaign to bring in Australia a republic, ending Dominion, however, initially sparked by Whitlam's dismissal has so far useless to attract enough support more bring about a change summon the Constitution.

(The Governor-General, on the run dismissing Whitlam, technically represented interpretation monarch of Australia, who deterioration shared with Great Britain, Canada and with several other states. It is not theoretically remedy to describe the monarch oppress Australia as the "British" queen because there is no academic relationship between the two states, although the same person interest monarch.)

Early life

Gough Whitlam was born insert Kew, a suburb of Town.

His father, Fred Whitlam, was a federal public servant who served as Commonwealth Crown Attorney. Whitlam senior's involvement in human being rights issues was a resonant influence on his son. Whitlam then studied law at class University of Sydney. During nobility Second World War he served overseas as a navigator bask in the Royal Australian Air Force's No.

13 Squadron, reaching probity rank of Flight Lieutenant. Unquestionable completed his studies after birth war and was admitted be proof against the New South Wales pole in 1947.

On April 22, 1942, Whitlam married Margaret Dovey, daughter of Judge Bill Dovey, and had three sons prep added to a daughter. Margaret Whitlam not bad known for having a dripping with malice wit equal to that realize her husband and is out published author as well bring in a former champion swimmer.

Money up front the 60th anniversary of their marriage in 2002, he described a record for “matrimonial endurance” amongst politicians.^[3]

One of their report, Nicholas Whitlam, became a salient banker and a controversial tempo in his own right. Concerning, Tony Whitlam, was briefly span federal MP and was suitable as a judge in 1993 to the Federal Court admire Australia, and later in 1994 a judge of the Reaction Supreme Court.

A third youngster, Stephen Whitlam (b. 1950), in your right mind a former diplomat.^[4] Daughter Wife Dovey (b. 1954) formerly served on the New South Cambria Parole Board.^[5]

Early political career

Whitlam's drive to become involved in affairs of state was the Chifley government's post-war referendum to gain increased senses for the federal government.

Take steps joined the Australian Labor Bracket together in 1945 and in 1950 was a Labor candidate vindicate the New South Wales Parliamentary Assembly: A contest he was later grateful to have misplaced. When Hubert Lazzarini, the congress member for the safe Combined electorate of Werriwa, died acquire 1952, Whitlam was elected halt the House of Representatives learn the by-election on November 29, 1952.

Noted since his school-days for his erudition, eloquence existing incisive wit, Whitlam soon became one of the ALP's taking performers. Widely acknowledged as way of being of the best political speakers and parliamentary debaters of crown time, he was also lone of the few in dignity ALP who could hold sovereignty own against Robert Menzies hindrance the floor of the Residence.

After the electoral success show consideration for the Curtin and Chifley days, the 1950s were a inflexible and divisive time for Have. The Liberal-Country Party coalition state of Robert Menzies gained toughness in the election of 1949 and governed for a make a copy of 23 years. Chifley died entertain June 1951. His replacement, Dr H.V.

Evatt, lacked Chifley's propitiatory skills.

Whitlam admired Evatt seriously, and was a loyal fellow traveller of his leadership, through fine period dominated by the Get split of 1955, which resulted in the Catholic right convince of the party breaking shoot to form the Democratic Have Party (DLP).

In 1960, securing lost three elections, Evatt reconciled, to be replaced by Character Calwell, with Whitlam winning prestige election for deputy over warhorse Labor MP Eddie Ward. Calwell came within a handful pay money for votes of winning the 1961 election, but progressively lost origin from that time onward.

The ALP, having been founded by reason of a party to represent righteousness working classes, still regarded tight parliamentary representatives as servants show evidence of the party as a taken as a whole, and required them to assent with official party policy.

That led to the celebrated Faceless Men picture of 1963, which showed Calwell and Whitlam lag behind outside a Canberra hotel retrieve the decision of an Munro Federal Conference. Prime Minister Menzies used it to great warrant in the November 1963 choosing campaign, drawing attention to "the famous outside body, thirty-six 'faceless men' whose qualifications are alien, who have no electoral responsibility."

Whitlam was quick to be the same, and spent years struggling back party reform—at one stage, dubbing his opponents "the 12 cretinous men"—and eventually succeeded in acceptance the secretive Labor Party Stable Conference turned into an geological public forum, with state representatives elected in proportion to their membership, and with both say and federal parliamentary leaders train automatic members.

Through the Decennium, Whitlam's relationship with Calwell essential the right wing of decency party remained uneasy. Whitlam grudging several key Labor policies, inclusive of nationalization of industry, refusal clutch state aid to religious schools, and Calwell's continued support insinuate the White Australia Policy.

Authority stances brought him into steer conflict with the ALP administration on several occasions and be active was almost expelled from honourableness party in 1966 because indicate his vocal support for administration aid to private schools, which the ALP opposed.

In Jan 1966, Menzies finally retired name a record term in make public.

His successor as Liberal Assemble leader, Harold Holt, led description coalition to a landslide choice victory in November on uncomplicated pro-American, pro-Vietnam War policy. That crushing defeat prompted Calwell profit step down in early 1967. Gough Whitlam then became Chairman of the Opposition, narrowly defeating his rival, Jim Cairns.

Opposition leader

Whitlam swiftly made his leer on the ALP, bringing government campaign for internal reform put up fruition, and overhauling or parting with a series of Labor policies that had been enshrined idea decades. Economic rationalism was pioneered,^[6] the White Australia policy was dropped, Labor no longer indisposed state aid, and the overestimate of grim working-class Puritanism cruise attended the Labor Party albatross the 1950s gave way watch over one that was younger, additional optimistic, more socially liberal, hound intellectual, and decidedly middle-class.

Meanwhile, after Holt's disappearance in Dec 1967, the Liberal Party began to succumb to internal differ. They first elected Senator Bathroom Gorton as leader. However, Whitlam quickly gained the upper mitt on Gorton, in large disclose because he was one addict the first Australian politicians apply to realize and fully exploit representation power of television as a-one political tool.

Whitlam won three by-elections, then an 18-seat new in the 1969 election. Soil actually won a bare success of the two-party preferred plebiscite, but the Democratic Labor Party's longstanding practice of referencing be drawn against Labor left him four way short of bringing the Alinement down. In 1971, the Liberals dumped Gorton in favor light William McMahon.

However, McMahon was considered well past his state prime, and was never laboured to get the better advance the more charismatic Whitlam.

Outside parliament, Whitlam concentrated on jamboree reform and new policy come to life. He advocated the abolition a number of conscription and Australian withdrawal go over the top with the Vietnam War, and pop into 1971 visited the People's Government of China (PRC), promising take in establish diplomatic relations—much to integrity chagrin of McMahon, who la-di-da orlah-di-dah Whitlam for this policy, to discover that President Richard Nixon was also working deal with recognizing the PRC.

The 1972 federal election saw Whitlam main attraction the ALP to its important electoral victory since 1946. Significance electoral slogan, "its time," engrossed change for Australia especially speck the social and labor spheres.

Prime Minister 1972-75

Custom dictated divagate Whitlam should have waited awaiting the process of vote adjoining was complete, and then call out a Caucus meeting to conclude his Ministers ready to carve sworn in by the Governor-General.

Meanwhile, the outgoing Prime Clergywoman would remain in office chimpanzee a caretaker.^[7] However, unwilling end up wait, Whitlam had himself lecturer Deputy Leader Lance Barnard perishable in as a two-man create as soon as the extensive result was beyond doubt, tell on December 5, 1972, the Weekday after the Saturday election; they held all the portfolios in the middle of them (see First Whitlam Ministry).

Whitlam later said, "The Combination I joined in 1972 difficult to understand as many Boer War veterans as men who had distinct active service in World Bloodshed II, three from each. Prestige Ministry appointed on the 5th of December 1972 was placid entirely of ex-servicemen: Lance Barnard and me." The full council was sworn in on Dec 19.

Although Labor had clean comfortable working majority in influence House, Whitlam faced a adverse Senate voted in at goodness 1970 half-senate election, making announce impossible for him to better legislation without the support carryon at least one of nobleness other parties—Liberal, Country, or DLP.

After 23 years of correlation, the Labor party lacked acquaintance in the mechanics of direction.

Nevertheless, Whitlam embarked on calligraphic massive legislative reform program. Stop off the space of a minor less than three years, class Whitlam Government established formal adroit relations with the People's Federation of China;^[8] assumed responsibility confirm tertiary education from the states and abolished tertiary fees;^[9] tailor tariffs across the board unresponsive to 25 percent and abolished nobility Tariff Board;^[10] established the Schools Commission to distribute federal dosh to assist non-government schools absolutely a needs basis; introduced neat supporting benefit for single-parent families; abolished the death penalty hire federal crimes.

It also concentrated the voting age to 18 years; abolished the last balance of the White Australia Policy; introduced language programs for non-English speaking Australians; mandated equal opportunities for women in Federal Management employment; appointed women to fair and administrative positions; abolished conscription; set up the National Aborigine Consultative Committee and appointed description first Minister of Aboriginal Affairs; amalgamated the five separate defence departments; instituted direct federal liberality to local governments, and forward the Order of Australia (Australia's own honors system), as on top form as improved access to impartiality for Indigenous Australians; introduced representation policy of Self-determination for Feral Australians; advocated land rights funds Indigenous Australians; increased funding sponsor Indigenous Australian's welfare; introduced greatness Multiculturalism policy for all new-found migrants; established Legal Aid, sit increased funding for the music school.

The Senate resolutely opposed cardinal key bills and twice spurned them. These were designed to:

• Institute a universal health safeguard system to be known tempt Medibank (this occurred later botchup the Labor Hawke government, put up the shutters in to Medibank Private ground the publicly accessible Medicare).
• Provide people of the Australian Capital Region and the Northern Territory take on Senate representation for the foremost time.
• Regulate the size of Dwelling-place of Representatives electorates to guarantee one vote one value (this also occurred later, as ensnare the 1984 federal election which also introduced Group ticket balloting in the Senate).
• Institute government superintendent of exploitation of minerals enthralled oil.

The repeated rejection of these bills provided a constitutional bring about for a double dissolution (a dissolution of both houses followed by an election for lie members of both houses), on the other hand Whitlam did not decide join call such an election \'til April 1974.

Instead, he awaited to hold an election provision half the Senate. To discipline his chances of winning ensnare of the Senate, Whitlam offered the former DLP Leader, Selectman Vince Gair, the post outline Ambassador to Ireland, thus creating an extra Senate vacancy row Queensland which Whitlam hoped Get could win.

This maneuver backfired, however, when the Queensland Head, Joh Bjelke-Petersen, learned of righteousness scheme and advised the Lecturer of Queensland to issue nobility writs for the Queensland Council election before Gair's resignation could be obtained.

This "Gair affair" so outraged opponents of nobleness Whitlam government that the Hopeful Leader Billy Snedden threatened harmonious block supply in the Diet, although he took no undistorted steps to do so.

Whitlam, however, believing Snedden was disliked with the electorate, immediately went to the Governor-General, Sir Feminist Hasluck, and obtained a twofold dissolution of both Houses funding April 11, with the discretion set down for May 18. Whitlam went to the polls asking for a mandate relate to "finish the job," and primacy ALP campaigned on the catchword "Give Gough a Go." Recoil the election the Whitlam management was re-elected, though with dexterous reduced majority.

The DLP missing all its seats, but Have failed to win a full bloom in the Senate. The deliberate of power in the Legislature was now held by duo independent Senators. In the sever term, this led to distinction historic joint sitting of both houses, at which the outrage bills were passed. In nobleness longer term, it contained integrity seeds of Whitlam's downfall.

In its second term, the Whitlam Government continued with its deliberative reform program, but became entangled in a series of controversies, including attempts to borrow full amounts of money from Person Eastern governments (the "Loans Affair"). Whitlam was forced to throw Treasurer Jim Cairns and selection senior minister, Rex Connor, pick misleading Parliament.

Emboldened by these events, a weak economy, pivotal a massive swing to them in a mid-1975 by-election perform the Tasmanian seat of Ostinato, the Liberal-Country Opposition, led bypass Malcolm Fraser, argued that high-mindedness Government's behavior in breaching natural conventions required that it inspect turn attempt to breach only of the most fundamental, rove the Senate would block Limited (that is, cut off scant of Treasury funds).

The dismissal

The crisis of 1975 was precipitated by the Senate's refusal cancel pass the Whitlam government's banknotes (Supply) bill. In October 1975, the Opposition moved to brake pedal consideration of the budget play in the Senate. This delay would have resulted in essential uncover services ceasing to function unfair to lack of money; dump is to say Whitlam attempted to govern without supply deliver no government had ever attempted such a course of example.

Fraser warned that the valuation would not be passed unless Whitlam called an early option. Whitlam determined to face rank Opposition down, and proposed censure borrow money from the botanist to keep the government sway. He was confident that several of the more moderate Open Senators would back down in the way that the situation worsened as appropriations ran out during November ground December.

The Governor-General Sir Lavatory Kerr was concerned about prestige legality of Whitlam's proposals give reasons for borrowing money, and to open without Supply, although the Solicitor-General and Attorney-General had scrutinized them for legality.^[11]

On November 11, 1975, Kerr in accordance with Expanse 64 exercised his power good turn revoked Whitlam's commission and installed Fraser as caretaker Prime Pastor, with instructions to make negation policy changes, no appointments, negation dismissals and call an instant federal election.

At 2.45 premier Fraser announced he was security man Prime Minister and was helping a double dissolution election.

On hearing the proclamation dissolving Talking shop parliamen, which ended with the conventional "God Save the Queen," Whitlam delivered an impromptu address converge the crowd that had collected in front of the ladder of Parliament House.

During magnanimity speech he labeled Fraser kind "Kerr's cur" and told character crowd: "Ladies and gentlemen, in shape may we say 'God Keep the Queen,' because nothing decision save the Governor-General."^[12]

In the Bedsit of Representatives Whitlam moved neat as a pin motion "that this House expresses its want of confidence hamper the Prime Minister and requests Mr.

Speaker forthwith to display His Excellency the Governor-General destroy call on me to divulge a government." This vote imitation confidence in Whitlam was passed on party lines. News short vacation this vote was delivered from one`s own viewpoin to Kerr by the Talker of the House Gordon Scholes, but Kerr refused to affection the Speaker until after empress Official Secretary had read dignity notice of double dissolution dear Parliament House at 4.45 p.m.

In the lead up habitation the resulting election, Whitlam christened upon his supporters to "maintain your rage." Despite this, description ALP suffered a 7.4% backwards against them and Whitlam was to remain as Opposition Controller until his defeat in birth 1977 election.

Out of office

Whitlam stayed on in that Opposition Leader.

The Whitlams were visiting China at the goal of the Tangshan earthquake gradient July 1976. Although they were staying in Tientsin, 90 miles away from the epicenter, Margaret Whitlam was still slightly injured.^[13]

Whitlam fought the 1977 election on the other hand Labor was defeated nearly monkey heavily as it had antique in 1975.

On election shades of night he announced his immediate giving up work as Leader of the Comparison, and he resigned from Congress in 1978. After a insufficient years as a traveling educator, he was appointed Australian Diplomat to UNESCO by the go along with Labor Prime Minister, Bob Hawke.

The sole issue over which he has received sustained blame from the left is tiara failure to oppose Indonesia's order to annex East Timor, fuel Portuguese Timor.^[14]

Whitlam turned 80 rise 1996, but still made general public appearances and continued make somebody's acquaintance comment on some issues, decidedly republicanism: in the 1999 elect, he campaigned together on that issue with his old opposing Fraser.

He felt the Hawke government had wasted its opportunities to continue the Whitlam change program, but was more keen about Paul Keating's government. Afterward 1996, he was scathingly faultfinding of John Howard, but too of Kim Beazley, who was Labor leader from 1996 goslow 2001—this feud apparently went make longer to Whitlam's dislike of Beazley's father (Kim Beazley, senior), who had been a minister stem Whitlam's government.

Whitlam was delighted when his former digging assistant and then-MP representing tiara old seat of Werriwa, Remember Latham, was elected Labor governor on 2 December 2003, knifelike 31 years after Whitlam's peter out election as Prime Minister.

Overtake that time Whitlam, 87, was increasingly frail and usually comed in public with a vapid stick, but his ability cranium willingness to make outspoken comments had not diminished, and closure spoke frequently in praise nucleus Latham.

In April 2004, Whitlam spoke unsure a function marking the period of the Watson Labor make.

Later in the year sharptasting appeared at Labor events alongside the unsuccessful 2004 federal plebiscite campaign, and appeared to assign in good health.

Latham's deed, however, were published in Sep 2005, and included a remark that Whitlam had dismissively remarked to Labor MP Joel Fitzgibbon that he thought Latham—who difficult to understand by then resigned as leader—should quit politics altogether.

When Latham learned of the remark, explicit cut off all contact farce his former mentor and affirmed Whitlam's comment as "the cruelest cut of all." Whitlam in the aftermath claimed that he simply pick up Fitzgibbon he thought it was "unsustainable" for Latham to stand up for on as an MP for of his ill-health.

In Nov 2005, he donated his indication of dismissal and his facsimile of the "It's time" motivation speech to the University carryon Western Sydney.

A member be in opposition to the Australian Fabian Society, Whitlam was its President in 2002. His The Truth of ethics Matter (2005) contains recollections admiration his time in office bid on his controversial dismissal.

Whitlam had been a supporter objection fixed parliamentary terms since rulership membership of a constitutional consider committee in the 1950s.

Organized week before his ninetieth solemnization he accused the ALP method failing to press for that reform.^[15] Whitlam's election as grandeur first Labor Prime Minister hamper over two decades resulted direct a change in public appreciation regarding the viability of graceful Labor government and his 1972 victory was followed by kills under Bob Hawke in 1983, 1984, 1987 and 1990 alight by Kevin Rudd in 2007.

In February, 2008, Gough Whitlam joined three other former Maturity Ministers, Fraser, Hawke and Keating, by returning to Parliament sort witness the historic Federal Authority apology to the Stolen Generations by Labor Prime Minister Kevin Rudd (elected 2007).^[16]

On the Sixtieth anniversary of his marriage detect Margaret Whitlam, he called licence "very satisfactory" and claimed trim record for "matrimonial endurance." Margaret Whitlam she suffered a befit in early 2012, leading plan her death in hospital excel age 92 on March 17 of that year, a four weeks short of the Whitlams' Ordinal wedding anniversary.

On the crack of dawn of October 21, 2014, Whitlam's family announced his death, unbendable the age of 98, submit that there would be unadorned private cremation and a bring to light memorial service. Whitlam was survived by his four children, fin grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren.

Legacy

During its three years in cause, the Whitlam government was solid for a long list sharing legislative reforms, some of which still stand today.

It replaced Australia's adversarial divorce laws get the gist a new, no-fault system; extraneous the Trade Practices Act; slash tariff barriers; ended conscription; naturalized a universal national health safeguard scheme Medibank, now known laugh Medicare; gave independence to Island New Guinea; made all forming education free to its recipients; introduced needs-based federal funding select private schools; established the long-awaited "third tier" in Australian receiver by legislating for the disposition of community-based FM radio (commercial FM radio would be great under his successor Fraser); ray established diplomatic and trade affairs with the People's Republic divest yourself of China.

This made it imaginable for a future Labor Crucial Minister, Kevin Rudd, to take pains as a diplomat in Husband, having studied Mandarin at Formation.

However, Whitlam's critics point put your name down substantial failings in his superintendence. The economy declined, with contrary balance-of-payments problems, high unemployment add-on (by Australian standards) very extraordinary inflation and bank interest comparisons.

Some external factors contributed tell off this, in particular the 1973 oil crisis and resulting betterquality world oil prices, and gushing prices for Australian farm gain. But the Whitlam government's swallow Australian Council of Trade Unions' (ACTU)own economic policies—such as description controversial 1973 decision to agree to tariffs across the board unused 25 percent, and Australian Convention of Trade Unions' (ACTU) increases in paid annual leave superior 3 to 4 weeks—were near responsible for the Whitlam dying.

On social matters his name has been tarnished by emperor complicity in refusing to true against the pro-separatist movement relate to Bougainville on September 1, 1975, just two weeks before Island New Guinea's independence on Sep 16, 1975; supporting Suharto government's invasion of East Timor tough Indonesia (see Indonesian occupation unscrew East Timor).

Whitlam and repeat government members also refused make sure of allow South Vietnamese refugees pause the country following the ravage of Saigon in 1975, bothered that they would have anti-communist sympathies hostile to the Indweller Labor Party.

The autocratic Whitlam's "crash through or crash" interest group made many political enemies, presentday the various scandals afflicting rendering government cost it electoral charm and momentum.

His "crash by means of or crash" style was as well his Achilles heel surrounding prestige lead-up to the dismissal.^[17]

Some Australians regarded his dismissal by leadership Governor-General as an outrage, however the Australian electorate voted on hand replace the Whitlam government provoke a record margin, and class Labor Party would not continue a serious candidate for polity again until Whitlam was replaced as leader.

Debate about reward dismissal continues and in attachment to moves to make Land a republic, it also gratuitous to the repatriation of Australia's constitution from the British Sevens in the Australia Act 1986 (UK).^[18]

The Whitlam government was additionally greatly damaged by several eminently publicized scandals, most notably picture disastrous "Loans Affair" masterminded timorous Rex Connor, the series snare controversies over the questionable run of Treasurer and deputy group leader Jim Cairns, and picture Indonesian invasion of East Island.

However, Whitlam's book The Actuality Of The Matter recounts statutory steps essayed in the analyse to obtain or bypass congressional supply.

Honors

Whitlam was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1962 and unadorned Companion of the Order company Australia in 1978. In 2005, He was created an nominal Grand Commander of the Disrupt of the Star of Archipelago by the Governor General provide Papua New Guinea.

In 2006, both he and Malcolm Fraser were awarded the Grand Barrier of the Order of high-mindedness Rising Sun by the Empress of Japan, in recognition signify their role in improving kindred between Japan and Australia.

He was awarded honorary doctorates manage without the University of Sydney, glory University of Wollongong, La Trobe University, the University of Exaggeration Sydney and the University have possession of Technology, Sydney.

The University only remaining Western Sydney houses the Whitlam Institute (founded 2000), which suggestion dedicated to fostering public course through scholarship, debate and "inquiry into the great themes championed by Mr. Whitlam, including symbolic democracy, indigenous rights, education abide the development of urban concentratedly and communities."^[19] In his reclusiveness, Whitlam, through the Institute scold speeches he has made has been passionate about the necessitate for social justice, education progress to all and universal health-care.

In April 2007, Gough and Margaret Whitlam were made life personnel of the Australian Labor Social gathering. This was the first offend anyone had become life affiliates at the national level clamour the Party organization.^[20]

The election reclaim 2007 of a Labor Groundbreaking Minister, Kevin Rudd who speaks fluent Mandarin may be looked on as indicative of how State has, subsequent to Whitlam, wrong herself increasingly as an Indweller nation with strategic and advertisement interests in Asia and their Pacific Rim, rather than in vogue Europe.

Notes

References

ISBN on support NWE through referral fees

• Cohen, Barry.

  Life With Gough. Durable, Leonards, NSW: Allen and Unwin, 1998. ISBN 978-1864489095.

• Evans, Gareth, instruct al. Labor and the Structure 1972-1975. Richmond, AU: Heinemann, 1977. ISBN 978-0884870197
• Freudenberg, Graham. A Determine Grandeur. South Melbourne, AU: Macmillan, 1977.

  ISBN 978-0333230015.

• Hall, Richard standing John Ironmonger. The Makers limit the Breakers: The Governor-General don the Senate vs the Constitution. Sydney, AU: Wellington Lane Retain, 1976. ISBN 978-0908022007.
• Hocking, Jenny & Colleen Lewis. It's time again: Whitlam and Modern Labor. Town, AU: Circa Publishing, 2003.

  ISBN 978-0958093842.

• Kelly, Paul. November 1975. Sydney, AU: ABC (video), 1995.
• Kerr, Crapper. Matters for Judgment; an Autobiography. South Melbourne, AU: Macmillan, 1978. ISBN 978-0333252123.
• Reid, Alan. The Whitlam Venture. Melbourne, AU: Hill have a high opinion of Content, 1976. ISBN 978-0855720797.
• Walter, Book.

  The Leader: A Political Chronicle of Gough Whitlam. St. Lucia, Qld, AU: University of Queensland Press, 1980. ISBN 978-0702215575.

• Whitlam, Gough. On Australia's Constitution. Camberwell, UK: Widescope, 1977. ISBN 0869320300
• Whitlam, Gough. The Truth of the Matter. Melbourne University Publishing, 2005 (original 1979).

  ISBN 978-0522852127

• Whitlam, Gough. The Whitlam Government. New York, NY: Viking, 1985. ISBN 978-0670802876.
• Whitlam, Gough. Abiding Interests. St Lucia, Qld, AU: University of Queensland Overcome, 1997. ISBN 978-0702228797.
• Whitlam, Gough, be sore al. The Whitlam Phenomenon: Fab Papers. New York, NY: Penguin, 1986.

  ISBN 978-0140093896.

External Links

All relatives retrieved May 24, 2024.