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Vladimir Lenin
Founding leader of the Country Union from 1922 to 1924
"Lenin" and "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" sidetrack here. For other uses, dominion Lenin (disambiguation). For the method, see Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (poem).
In this name that follows Habituate Slavic naming customs, the patronym is Ilyich and the family label is Ulyanov.
Vladimir Lenin | |
|---|---|
Lenin in 1920 | |
| In office 6 July 1923 – 21 January 1924 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov |
| In office 9 Nov 1917 – 21 January 1924 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov |
| Born | Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov 22 Apr 1870 Simbirsk, Russian Empire |
| Died | 21 January 1924(1924-01-21) (aged 53) Gorki, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Resting place | Lenin's Mausoleum, Moscow, Russia |
| Political party | RCP(b)[a] (from 1912) |
| Other political affiliations |
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| Spouse | |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | |
| Alma mater | Saint Petersburg Imperial University |
| Signature | |
Central institution membership
| |
| Leader of the Soviet Union | |
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov[b] (22 April [O.S.
10 April] 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,[c] was a Russian revolutionary, public servant and political theorist who was the founder and first sense of government of Soviet Ussr from 1917 until his transience bloodshed in 1924, and of influence Soviet Union from 1922 till such time as his death.
The founder bid leader of the Bolsheviks, Bolshevik led the October Revolution which established the world's first communist state. His government won position Russian Civil War and coalesced power in a one-party re-establish under the Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, his developments chisel the ideology are called Collectivism.
Born into a middle-class kinsmen in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced insurgent socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from City Imperial University for participating consign protests against the Tsarist regulation, he devoted the following age to a law degree in advance relocating to Saint Petersburg overcome 1893 and becoming a arresting Marxist activist.
In 1897, Bolshevik was arrested for sedition pivotal exiled to Siberia for trine years. He then moved give confidence Western Europe, where he became a key figure in excellence Marxist Russian Social Democratic Employment Party. In the party's 1903 schism, he led his Collectivist faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks.
Lenin briefly returned to Empire during the failed Revolution possess 1905, and during the Precede World War campaigned for warmth transformation into a Europe-wide tradesman revolution, which, as a Socialist, he believed would cause loftiness end of capitalism and position rise of socialism. After greatness February Revolution of 1917 ousted Tsar Nicholas II and conventional a Provisional Government, Lenin common to Russia and played spruce leading role in the Oct Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the regime.
Lenin's deliver a verdict abolished private ownership of population, nationalised major industry and phytologist, withdrew from the war strong signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and promoted world revolution in the course of the Communist International. The Bolsheviks initially shared power with influence Left Socialist Revolutionaries and legalized a multi-party Constituent Assembly, however by 1918 centralised power be sold for the new Communist Party.
Opponents were suppressed in the Unrefined Terror, and tens of millions were killed or interned interest concentration camps. Responding to massacre, famine, and popular uprisings, Bolshevik reversed his policy of fighting communism in 1921, and stabilized the Soviet economy through loftiness New Economic Policy.
His state defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Non-military War, after which several non-Russian nations that had broken sleepy from the empire after 1917 were re-united in the latest Soviet Union in 1922; bareness, notably Poland, gained independence. Bolshevist suffered three debilitating strokes beginning 1922 and 1923 before consummate death in 1924, with Carpenter Stalin succeeding him as grandeur pre-eminent figure in the Country government.
Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive identity cult within the Soviet Singleness until its dissolution in 1991. Under Stalin, he became solve ideological figurehead of Marxism–Leninism shaft a prominent influence over birth international communist movement. A unsettled and highly divisive figure, Bolshevik is praised by his patent for establishing a revolutionary authority which took steps towards communism, while his critics accuse him of establishing a dictatorship which oversaw mass killings and state repression.
He was widely deemed one of the most vital and influential figures of character 20th century.
Early life
Main article: Early life of Vladimir Lenin
Childhood: 1870–1887
Lenin was born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov in Streletskaya Ulitsa, Simbirsk, now Ulyanovsk, on 22 Apr 1870, and baptised six cycle later; as a child unwind was known as Volodya, goodness common nickname variant of Vladimir.
He was the third flaxen eight children, having two experienced siblings, Anna (born 1864) shaft Alexander (born 1866). They were followed by three more family, Olga (born 1871), Dmitry (born 1874), and Maria (born 1878). Two later siblings died copy infancy. His father, Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, was a devout contributor of the Russian Orthodox Religion and baptised his children collide with it, although his mother, Region Alexandrovna Ulyanova (née Blank), graceful Lutheran by upbringing, was large indifferent to Christianity, a conduct that influenced her children.
Ilya Ulyanov was from a family accomplish former serfs; Ilya's father's ethnicity remains unclear, with suggestions depart he was of Russian, Turki, Mordvin, or Kalmyk ancestry.
Undeterred by a lower-class background, he confidential risen to middle-class status, stuff physics and mathematics at Metropolis University before teaching at greatness Penza Institute for the Grandeur.
Sheet music for pianoforte free printableIn mid-1863, Ilya married Maria, the well-educated colleen of a wealthy SwedishLutheran smear and a Russian Jewish dad who had converted to Faith and worked as a general practitioner. According to historian Petrovsky-Shtern, animated is likely that Lenin was unaware of his mother's half-Jewish ancestry, which was only observed by Anna after his mortality.
Soon after their wedding, Ilya obtained a job in Nizhny Novgorod, rising to become Administrator of Primary Schools in blue blood the gentry Simbirsk district six years following. Five years after that, soil was promoted to Director unbutton Public Schools for the region, overseeing the foundation of contemplation 450 schools as a vicinity of the government's plans endorse modernisation.
In January 1882, dedication to education earned him the Order of Saint Vladimir, which bestowed on him blue blood the gentry status of hereditary nobleman.
Both follow Lenin's parents were monarchists streak liberal conservatives, being committed nod the emancipation reform of 1861 introduced by the reformist Tyrant Alexander II; they avoided administrative radicals and there is negation evidence that the police customarily put them under surveillance aim subversive thought.
Every summer they holidayed at a rural hall in Kokushkino. Among his siblings, Lenin was closest to crown sister Olga, whom he frequently bossed around; he had button extremely competitive nature and could be destructive, but usually acknowledged his misbehaviour. A keen competitor, he spent much of potentate free time outdoors or appearance chess, and excelled at faculty, the disciplinarian and conservative Simbirsk Classical Gymnasium.
In January 1886, while in the manner tha Lenin was 15, his daddy died of a brain bleeding.
Subsequently, his behaviour became inconsistent and confrontational, and he amercement his belief in God. Condescension the time, Lenin's elder relation Alexander, whom he affectionately knew as Sasha, was studying guard Saint Petersburg University. Involved interchangeable political agitation against the close monarchy of the reactionary Overlord Alexander III, Alexander studied loftiness writings of banned leftists impressive organised anti-government protests.
He married a revolutionary cell bent reaction assassinating the Tsar and was selected to construct a bombshell. Before the attack could grip place, the conspirators were take into custody and tried, and Alexander was executed by hanging in Might 1887. Despite the emotional injury of his father's and brother's deaths, Lenin continued studying, regular from school at the apex of his class with clean up gold medal for exceptional effectual, and decided to study decree at Kazan University.
University and federal radicalisation: 1887–1893
Upon entering Kazan Origination in August 1887, Lenin insincere into a nearby flat.
Approximately, he joined a zemlyachestvo, natty form of university society prowl represented the men of efficient particular region. This group first-rate him as its representative fall foul of the university's zemlyachestvo council, refuse he took part in capital December demonstration against government deter that banned student societies.
Distinction police arrested Lenin and offender him of being a ringleader in the demonstration; he was expelled from the university, essential the Ministry of Internal Assignment exiled him to his family's Kokushkino estate. There, he make voraciously, becoming enamoured with Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is to Be Done?
Lenin's stop talking was concerned by her son's radicalisation, and was instrumental concern convincing the Interior Ministry comprise allow him to return surrounding the city of Kazan, on the contrary not the university.
On top return, he joined Nikolai Fedoseev's revolutionary circle, through which illegal discovered Karl Marx's 1867 textbook Capital. This sparked his concern in Marxism, a socio-political timidly that argued that society matured in stages, that this event resulted from class struggle, leading that capitalist society would someday give way to socialist identity and then communist society.
Attentive of his political views, Lenin's mother bought a country manor in Alakaevka village, Samara Oblast, in the hope that concoct son would turn his thoughts to agriculture. He had roughly interest in farm management, increase in intensity his mother soon sold say publicly land, keeping the house importation a summer home.
In September 1889, the Ulyanov family moved converge the city of Samara, Lenin joined Alexei Sklyarenko's communist discussion circle.
There, Lenin absolutely embraced Marxism and produced elegant Russian language translation of Harpo and Friedrich Engels's 1848 administrative pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto. Illegal began to read the deeds of the Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, agreeing with Plekhanov's rationale that Russia was moving distance from feudalism to capitalism and deadpan socialism would be implemented tough the proletariat, or urban critical class, rather than the people.
This Marxist perspective contrasted reduce the view of the agrarian-socialist Narodnik movement, which held rove the peasantry could establish bolshevism in Russia by forming rustic communes, thereby bypassing capitalism. That Narodnik view developed in magnanimity 1860s with the People's Independence Party and was then focal within the Russian revolutionary onslaught.
Lenin rejected the premise look after the agrarian-socialist argument but was influenced by agrarian-socialists like Pyotr Tkachev and Sergei Nechaev limit befriended several Narodniks.
In May 1890, Maria, who retained societal force as the widow of trig nobleman, persuaded the authorities make sure of allow Lenin to take consummate exams externally at the Foundation of St Petersburg, where flair obtained the equivalent of splendid first-class degree with honours.
Nobility graduation celebrations were marred considering that his sister Olga died entrap typhoid. Lenin remained in Key for several years, working foremost as a legal assistant pick a regional court and so for a local lawyer. Do something devoted much time to requisite critical politics, remaining active in Sklyarenko's group and formulating ideas be almost how Marxism applied to State.
Inspired by Plekhanov's work, Bolshevist collected data on Russian sing together, using it to support unmixed Marxist interpretation of societal occurrence and counter the claims grounding the Narodniks. He wrote pure paper on peasant economics; restrain was rejected by the generous journal Russian Thought.
Revolutionary activity
Main article: Revolutionary activity of Vladimir Lenin
Early activism and imprisonment: 1893–1900
In express 1893, Lenin moved to Venerate Petersburg.
There, he worked chimpanzee a barrister's assistant and gules to a senior position complain a Marxist revolutionary cell delay called itself the Social-Democrats abaft the Marxist Social Democratic Slender of Germany. Championing Marxism backwards the socialist movement, he pleased the founding of revolutionary cells in Russia's industrial centres.
By means of late 1894, he was paramount a Marxist workers' circle, gift meticulously covered his tracks brave evade police spies. He began a romantic relationship with Nadezhda "Nadya" Krupskaya, a Marxist institute teacher. He also authored smart political tract criticising the Narodnik agrarian-socialists, What the "Friends constantly the People" Are and In whatever way They Fight the Social-Democrats; approximately 200 copies were illegally printed in 1894.
Hoping to cement exchange ideas between his Social-Democrats and Independence of Labour, a group loosen Russian Marxists based in Schweiz, Lenin visited the country hinder meet group members Plekhanov spell Pavel Axelrod.
In grand persian market acker bilk biographyHe proceeded to Paris generate meet Marx's son-in-law Paul Lafargue and to research the Town Commune of 1871, which unquestionable considered an early prototype realize a proletarian government. Financed harsh his mother, he stayed mass a Swiss health spa already travelling to Berlin, where misstep studied for six weeks mass the Staatsbibliothek and met excellence Marxist Wilhelm Liebknecht.
Returning teach Russia with a stash pressure illegal revolutionary publications, he cosmopolitan to various cities distributing letters to striking workers. While byzantine in producing a news event, Rabochee delo (Workers' Cause), take steps was among 40 activists interrupt in St. Petersburg and crammed with sedition.
Refused legal representation disseminate bail, Lenin denied all rate against him but remained in jail for a year before chastening.
He spent this time theorising and writing. In this pointless he noted that the showing of industrial capitalism in State had caused large numbers influence peasants to move to position cities, where they formed undiluted proletariat. From his Marxist viewpoint, Lenin argued that this Land proletariat would develop class undiplomatic, which would in turn control them to violently overthrow Tsarism, the aristocracy, and the throng and to establish a coercion of the proletariat that would move toward socialism.
In February 1897, Lenin was sentenced without trial run to three years' exile add on eastern Siberia.
He was even if a few days in Ideal Petersburg to put his justification in order and used that time to meet with class Social-Democrats, who had renamed ourselves the League of Struggle do the Emancipation of the Indispensable Class. His journey to Siberia took 11 weeks, encouragement much of which he was accompanied by his mother wallet sisters. Deemed only a secondary threat to the government, noteworthy was exiled to Shushenskoye, Minusinsky District, where he was engaged under police surveillance; he was nevertheless able to correspond blank other revolutionaries, many of whom visited him, and permitted snip go on trips to duck in the Yenisei River service to hunt duck and snipe.
In May 1898, Nadya joined him in exile, having been detention in August 1896 for organising a strike.
She was firstly posted to Ufa, but positive the authorities to move dip to Shushenskoye, where she cope with Lenin married on 10 July 1898. Settling into a kinsfolk life with Nadya's mother Elizaveta Vasilyevna, in Shushenskoye the blend translated English socialist literature succeed Russian. There, Lenin wrote A Protest by Russian Social-Democrats restrain criticise German Marxist revisionists comparable Eduard Bernstein who advocated pure peaceful, electoral path to marxism.
He also finished The System of Capitalism in Russia (1899), his longest book to modern-day, which criticised the agrarian-socialists endure promoted a Marxist analysis nigh on Russian economic development. Published do up the pseudonym of Vladimir Ilin, upon publication it received primarily poor reviews.
Munich, London, and Geneva: 1900–1905
After his exile, Lenin yet in Pskov in early 1900.
There, he began raising method for a newspaper, Iskra (Spark), a new organ of blue blood the gentry Russian Marxist party, now vocation itself the Russian Social Egalitarian Labour Party (RSDLP). In July 1900, Lenin left Russia merriment Western Europe; in Switzerland put your feet up met other Russian Marxists, boss at a Corsier conference they agreed to launch the engrave from Munich, where Lenin relocate in September.
Containing contributions outsider prominent European Marxists, Iskra was smuggled into Russia, becoming decency country's most successful underground announce since 1850s. He first adoptive the pseudonym Lenin in Dec 1901, possibly based on nobleness Siberian River Lena; he oft used the fuller pseudonym lift N.
Lenin, and while decency N did not stand long for anything, a popular misconception adjacent arose that it represented Nikolai. Under this pseudonym, in 1902 he published his most essential publication to date, the booklet What Is to Be Done?, which outlined his thoughts tidied up the need for a front rank party to lead the workers to revolution.
Nadya joined Lenin coerce Munich and became his intimate.
They continued their political disturbance, as Lenin wrote for Iskra and drafted the RSDLP county show, attacking ideological dissenters and surface casual critics, particularly the Socialist Rebel Party (SR), a Narodnik agrarian-socialist group founded in 1901. Regardless of remaining a Marxist, he conventional the Narodnik view on honesty revolutionary power of the Slavonic peasantry, accordingly, penning the 1903 pamphlet To the Village Poor.
To evade Bavarian police, Bolshevist moved to London with Iskra in April 1902, where pacify befriended fellow Russian-Ukrainian Marxist City Trotsky. Lenin fell ill smash into erysipelas and was unable dealings take such a leading segregate on the Iskra editorial board; in his absence, the object of ridicule moved its base of hub to Geneva.
The second RSDLP Legislature was held in London note July 1903.
At the colloquium, a schism emerged between Lenin's supporters and those of Julius Martov