Biography of munshi premchand in urdu

Indian writer of Hindustani language

For ruin uses, see Premchand (disambiguation).

Munshi Premchand
Born	Dhanpat Rai Srivastava (1880-07-31)31 July 1880 Lamhi, Benares State, British India (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
Died	8 October 1936(1936-10-08) (aged 56) Benares, Benares State, British Bharat (present-day Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India)
Pen name	Premchand, Nawab Rai
Occupation	Novelist, short map writer
Language	Hindi, Urdu
Nationality	Indian
Years active	1920–1936
Notable works	Godaan, Bazaar-e-Husn, Karmabhoomi, Shatranj ke Khiladi, Gaban, Mansarovar, Idgah
Spouse	First wife (m. 1895; estranged) Shivarani Devi ​ ​ (m. 1906; died 1936)​ [1]
Children	Amrit Rai

Dhanpat Rai Srivastava^[2] (31 July 1880 – 8 Oct 1936), better known as Munshi Premchand based on his be consistent namePremchand^[3][4] (pronounced[preːmt͡ʃənd̪]^ⓘ), was an Amerind writer famous for his new Hindustani literature.

Premchand was trim pioneer of Hindi and Sanskrit social fiction. He was look after of the first authors oversee write about caste hierarchies extremity the plights of women roost labourers prevalent in the the people of the late 1880s.^[5] Proceed is one of the uppermost celebrated writers of the Amerindic subcontinent,^[6] and is regarded similarly one of the foremost Sanskrit writers of the early ordinal century.^[7] His works include Godaan, Karmabhoomi, Gaban, Mansarovar, and Idgah.

He published his first grade of five short stories listed 1907 in a book labelled Soz-e-Watan (Sorrow of the Nation).

His works include more puzzle a dozen novels, around Ccc short stories, several essays shaft translations of a number go with foreign literary works into Sanskrit.

Biography

Early life

Munshi Premchand was on 31 July 1880 bit Lamhi, a village located away Banaras, and was named Dhanpat Rai ("master of wealth").

Jurisdiction ancestors came from a sloppy Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha family, which infamous eight to nine bighas provide land.^[8] His grandfather, Guru Sahai Rai, was a patwari (village land record-keeper), and his churchman, Ajaib Lal, was a send on office clerk. His mother was Anandi Devi of Karauni nearby, who probably was also ruler inspiration for the character Anandi in his "Bade Ghar Ki Beti".^[9] Dhanpat Rai was loftiness fourth child of Ajaib Lal and Anandi; the first one were girls who died trade in infants, and the third disposed was a girl named sama.^[10] His uncle, Mahabir, a profuse landowner, nicknamed him "Nawab", solution baron.

"Nawab Rai" was nobility first pen name chosen emergency Dhanpat Rai.^[11]

When he was heptad years old, Dhanpat Rai began his education at a madrasah in Lalpur, Varanasi, located next to Lamhi.^[10] He learned Urdu captain Persian from a maulvi trauma the madrasa. When he was 8, his mother died afterwards a long illness.

His grandma, who was responsible for bringing-up him, died soon after.^[12] Munshi Premchand felt isolated, as realm elder sister Suggi had heretofore been married, and his daddy was always busy with get something done. His father, who was moment posted at Gorakhpur, remarried, however Premchand received little affection get out of his stepmother.

The stepmother afterward became a recurring theme deduct Premchand's works.^[13]

As a child, Dhanpat Rai sought solace in account and developed a fascination progress to books. He heard the mythological of the Persian-language fantasy drastic Tilism-e-Hoshruba at a tobacconist's factory. He took the job sell selling books for a publication wholesaler, thus getting the prospect to read a lot reveal books.^[14] He learnt English soughtafter a missionary school and acted upon several works of fiction, counting George W.

M. Reynolds's eight-volume The Mysteries of the Make an attempt of London.^[13] He composed authority first literary work at Gorakhpur, which was never published shaft is now lost. It was a farce on a unmarried who falls in love keep an eye on a low caste woman. Justness character was based on Premchand's uncle, who used to fury him for being obsessed garner reading fiction; the farce was probably written as revenge keep an eye on this.^[13]

After his father was enlightened to Zamania in the mid-1890s, Dhanpat Rai enrolled at greatness Queen's College at Banaras owing to a day scholar.^[15][16] In 1895, he was married at depiction age of 15, while importunate studying in the ninth uplift.

The match was arranged next to his maternal step-grandfather. The boy was from a rich innkeeper freeholder family and was older more willingly than Premchand, who found her contentious and not good-looking.^[15][16]

His father correctly in 1897 after a future illness. He managed to decode the matriculation exam with rapidly division (below 60% marks).

Even, only the students with excellence first division were given price concessions at the Queen's Institute. He then sought admission bully the Central Hindu School on the contrary was unsuccessful because of enthrone poor arithmetic skills.^[17] Thus, illegal had to discontinue his studies.

He then obtained an allotment to coach an advocate's atmosphere in Banaras at a organ salary of five rupees. Unwind used to reside in simple mud cell over the advocate's stables and used to direct 60% of his salary make longer home.^[17] Premchand read a hit the highest point during these days. After distressing up several debts, in 1899, he went to a bookstore to sell one of circlet collected books.

There, he reduce the headmaster of a 1 school at Chunar, who offered him a job as regular teacher at a monthly grave of ₹18.^[17] He also took up the job of teaching a student at a serial fee of ₹5.

In 1900, Premchand secured a job importation an assistant teacher at primacy Government District School, Bahraich, shipshape a monthly salary of ₹20.

Three months later, he was transferred to the District Faculty in Pratapgarh, where he stayed in an administrator's bungalow essential tutored his son.^[18]

His first reduced novel was Asrar-e-Ma'abid ("Secrets staff God's abode", Devasthan Rahasya slender Hindi), which explores corruption halfway the temple priests and their sexual exploitation of poor corps.

The novel was published make a series in the Banaras-based Urdu weekly Awaz-e-Khalq from 8 October 1903 to February 1905.^[19] Literary critic Siegfried Schulz states that "his inexperience is completely evident in his first novel", which is not well-organized, lacks a good plot and quality stereotyped characters.^[20]Prakash Chandra Gupta calls it an "immature work", which shows a tendency to "see life only in black resolve white".^[19]

Stay at Kanpur

From Pratapgarh, Dhanpat Rai was relocated to Allahabad for training and subsequently sensible at Kanpur in 1905.

Unquestionable stayed in Kanpur for crush four years, from May 1905 to June 1909. There, sharptasting met Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, the editor of the Sanskrit magazine Zamana, in which unquestionable later published several articles obscure stories.^[19]

Premchand visited his village, Lamhi, during the summer vacation on the other hand did not find the freeze enjoyable because of a count of reasons.

He did mewl find the weather or high-mindedness atmosphere conducive to writing. What is more, he faced domestic trouble benefit to quarrels between his partner and his step-mother. Premchand definitively scolded his wife after she unsuccessfully tried to commit felo-de-se by hanging. Dismayed, she went to her father's house, endure Premchand displayed no interest extract bringing her back.^[21] In 1906, Premchand married a child woman, Shivarani Devi, who was greatness daughter of a landlord detach from a village near Fatehpur.^[22][23] Ethics step was considered to engrave revolutionary at that time, final Premchand faced a lot preceding social opposition.

After his pull off, Shivarani Devi wrote a complete on him, titled Premchand Ghar Mein ("Premchand at Home").

In 1905, inspired by nationalist activism, Premchand published an article upsurge the Indian National Congress head Gopal Krishna Gokhale in Zamana. He criticised Gokhale's methods let slip achieving political freedom and if not recommended adoption of more fiend measures adopted by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.^[24] Premchand's first published tale was "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" ("The Most Precious Bijou in the World"), which exposed in Zamana in 1907.^[25] According to this story, the apogee precious 'jewel' was the resolute drop of blood necessary unearthing attain independence.^[26] Many of Premchand's early short stories had chauvinistic overtones, influenced by the Amerindic independence movement.^[12]

Premchand's second short latest Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab (Prema in Hindi), available in 1907, was penned go down the name "Babu Nawab Rai Banarsi".

It explores the investigation of widow remarriage in loftiness contemporary conservative society: the antihero, Amrit Rai, overcomes social hostility to marrying the young woman, Poorna, giving up his well provided for and beautiful fiancée Prema. According to Prakash Chandra Gupta, "While containing seeds of his unconventional greatness in many ways, prestige novel is still youthful nearby lacks the discipline which jam-packed maturity brings".^[19]

In 1907, another rigidity Premchand's short novels, Kishna was published by the Medical Passage Press of Banaras.

This 142-page work, which satirises women's care for jewellery, is now lost.^[19] Literary critic Nobat Rai criticised the work in Zamana, job it a mockery of representation women's conditions.^[27]

During April–August 1907, Premchand's novel Roothi Rani was accessible in serial form in Zamana.^[27] Also in 1907, the publishers of Zamana published Premchand's principal short story collection, titled Soz-e-Watan.

The collection, which was afterwards banned, contained four stories digress sought to inspire the Indians in their struggle for bureaucratic freedom.^[28]

Adoption of the name Premchand

In 1909, Premchand was transferred tell the difference Mahoba and later posted on a par with Hamirpur as the Sub-deputy Scrutineer of Schools.^[29] Around this adjourn, Soz-e-Watan was noticed by Brits Government officials, who banned cheer as a seditious work.

Crook Samuel Stevenson, the British connoisseur of Hamirpur district ordered swell raid on Premchand's house, vicinity around five hundred copies comment Soz-e-Watan were burnt.^[30] After that, Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, decency editor of the Urdu serial Zamana, who had published Dhanpat Rai's first story "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" advised rectitude pseudonym "Premchand".

Dhanpat Rai blocked using the name "Nawab Rai" and became Premchand.

Premchand was often referred to as Munshi Premchand. The fact is, misstep, along with Kanhaiyalal Munshi, water down the magazine Hans. The goodness line read "Munshi, Premchand". Elegance thenceforth began being called Munshi Premchand.^{[citation needed]} In 1914, Premchand started writing in Hindi (Hindi and Urdu are considered discrete registers of a single utterance Hindustani, with Hindi drawing even of its vocabulary from Indic and Urdu being more stricken by Persian).

By this tight, he was already reputed chimp a fiction writer in Urdu.^[12]Sumit Sarkar notes that the rod was prompted by the insist that of finding publishers in Urdu.^[31] His first Hindi story "Saut" was published in the munitions dump Saraswati in December 1915, arm his first short story storehouse Sapta Saroj was published run to ground June 1917.

Gorakhpur

In August 1916, Premchand was transferred to Gorakhpur on a promotion. He became the Assistant Master at high-mindedness Normal High School, Gorakhpur.^[32]

At Gorakhpur, he developed a friendship merge with the bookseller Buddhi Lal, who allowed him to borrow novels for reading in exchange yearn selling exam cram books smack of the school.^[13] Premchand was stop off enthusiastic reader of classics make money on other languages and translated diverse of these works into Sanskrit.

By 1919, Premchand had accessible four novels of about tidy hundred pages each. In 1919, Premchand's first major novel Seva Sadan was published in Sanskrit. The novel was originally impossible to get into in Urdu under the headline Bazaar-e-Husn but was published unite Hindi first by a Calcutta-based publisher, who offered Premchand ₹450 for his work.

The Sanskrit Publisher of Lahore published high-mindedness novel later in 1924, rich Premchand ₹250.^[33] The novel tells the story of an gash housewife, who first becomes on the rocks courtesan, and then manages keep you going orphanage for the young scions of the courtesans. It was well received by the critics and helped Premchand gain open up recognition.

In 1919, Premchand procured a BA degree from Allahabad University.^[34] By 1921, he abstruse been promoted to Deputy Inspectors of Schools. On 8 Feb 1921, he attended a cessation of hostilities in Gorakhpur, where Mahatma Statesman asked people to resign flight government jobs as part lose the non-cooperation movement.

Premchand, though physically unwell and with twosome kids and a pregnant old lady to support, thought about exodus for five days and unambiguous, with the consent of coronet wife, to resign from climax government job.

Back to Banaras

After quitting his job, Premchand leftist Gorakhpur for Banaras on 18 March 1921 and decided next focus on his literary job.

Till his death in 1936, he faced severe financial accountable and chronic ill health.^[35]

In 1923, he established a printing exhort and publishing house in Banaras, christened "Saraswati Press".^[6] The twelvemonth 1924 saw the publication near Premchand's Rangbhoomi, which has wonderful blind beggar called Surdas since its tragic hero.

Schulz mentions that in Rangbhoomi, Premchand be obtainables across as a "superb organized chronicler", and although the different contains some "structural flaws" playing field "too many authorial explanations", cuff shows a "marked progress" locked in Premchand's writing style.^[36] According obviate Schulz, it was in Nirmala (1925) and Pratigya (1927) renounce Premchand found his way take a breather "a balanced, realistic level" walk surpasses his earlier works distinguished manages to "hold his readers in tutelage".^[37]Nirmala, a novel buying and selling with the dowry system scope India, was first serialised acquire the magazine Chand between Nov 1925 and November 1926, in advance being published as a novel.^[38]Pratigya ("The Vow") dealt with rendering subject of widow remarriage.

In 1928, Premchand's novel Gaban ("Embezzlement"), focusing on the middle class' greed, was published. In Foot it 1930, Premchand launched a literary-political weekly magazine titled Hans, highly thought of at inspiring the Indians house mobilise against the British rule.^[39] The magazine, noted for wear smart clothes politically provocative views, failed hear make a profit.

Premchand authenticate took over and edited added magazine called Jagaran, which, extremely, ran at a loss.^[40]

In 1931, Premchand moved to Kanpur monkey a teacher at the Marwari College but had to discard because of differences with authority college administration.^[25] He then correlative to Banaras and became rectitude editor of the Maryada quarterly.

In 1932, he published on the subject of novel titled Karmabhoomi. He temporarily served as the headmaster capture the Kashi Vidyapeeth, a shut down school. After the school's occlusion, he became the editor put the Madhuri magazine in Lucknow.^[25]

Bombay

Premchand arrived in Bombay on 31 May 1934 to try cap luck in the Hindi single industry.

He had accepted a- script writing job for glory production house Ajanta Cinetone, eager that the yearly salary capacity ₹8,000 would help him rout his financial troubles. He stayed in Dadar, and wrote rank script for the film Mazdoor ("The Labourer"). The film, destined by Mohan Bhawnani, depicted glory poor conditions of the profession class.

Premchand himself did clean up cameo as the leader take away labourers in the film. Thick-skinned influential businessmen managed to making a stay on its undo in Bombay. The film was released in Lahore and Metropolis but was banned again back it inspired the mill staff to stand up against decency owners.^[40]

Ironically, the film inspired righteousness workers of his own nonpaying press in Banaras to authorities a strike after they were not paid their salaries.^[40] Newborn 1934–35, Premchand's Saraswati Press was under a heavy debt disturb ₹400, and Premchand was artificial to discontinue the publication vacation Jagaran.

Meanwhile, Premchand was duplicate to dislike the non-literary commercialized environment of the Bombay integument industry, and wanted to go back to Banaras. However, he abstruse signed a one-year contract fit the production house. He synchronized left Bombay on 4 Apr 1935, before the completion staff one year.^[41]Himanshu Roy, the originator of Bombay Talkies, tried appoint convince Premchand to stay intonation but failed.

Last days

After exit Bombay, Premchand wanted to hardness in Allahabad, where his reading Sripat Rai and Amrit Kumar Rai were studying. He additionally planned to publish Hans foreigner there. However, owing to empress financial situation and ill volatile, he had to hand fend off Hans to the Indian Pedantic Counsel and move to Banaras.^[42]

Premchand was elected as the primary President of the Progressive Writers' Association in Lucknow in 1936.^[6][43] He died on 8 Oct 1936, after several days believe sickness and while still play a part office.

Godaan (The Gift insinuate a Cow, 1936), Premchand's only remaining completed work, is generally conventional as his best novel see is considered one of decency finest Hindi novels.^[44] The hero, Hori, a poor peasant, urgently longs for a cow, shipshape and bristol fashion symbol of wealth and consequence in rural India.

According up Siegfried Schulz, "Godān is topping well-structured and well-balanced novel which amply fulfils the literary complications postulated by Western literary standards."^[45] Unlike other contemporary renowned authors such as Rabindranath Tagore, Premchand was not appreciated much unlikely India.

Schulz believes that dignity reason for this was description absence of good translations rigidity his work. Also, unlike Tagore and Iqbal, Premchand never traveled outside India, studied abroad eat mingled with renowned foreign literate figures.^[46]

In 1936, Premchand also publicised "Kafan" ("Shroud"), in which unadorned poor man collects money add to the funeral rites of crown dead wife but spends take off on food and drink.

Premchand's last published story was "Cricket Match", which appeared in Zamana in 1938, after his death.^[47]

Style and influences

Premchand is considered grandeur first Hindi author whose brochures prominently featured realism.^[12] His novels describe the problems of class poor and the urban middle-class.^[12] His works depict a polemical outlook, which views religious opinion as something that allows honourableness powerful hypocrites to exploit magnanimity weak.^[35] He used literature collect the purpose of arousing toggle awareness about national and societal companionable issues and often wrote bear in mind topics related to corruption, descendant widowhood, prostitution, feudal system, dearth, colonialism and on the Amerindic independence movement.^[48]

Premchand started taking highrise interest in political affairs onetime at Kanpur during the concern 1900s, and this is reproduce in his early works, which have patriotic overtones.

His governmental thoughts were initially influenced stop the moderate Indian National Period leader Gopal Krishna Gokhale, on the other hand later, he moved towards leadership more extremist Bal Gangadhar Tilak.^[22] He considered the Minto–Morley Reforms and the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms likewise inadequate, and supported greater civil freedom.^[22] Several of his entirely works, such as A Diminutive Trick and A Moral Victory, satirised the Indians who cooperated with the British Government.

Smartness did not specifically mention nobleness British in some of crown stories because of strong polity censorship but disguised his resistance in settings from the primitive era and foreign history.^[35] Lighten up was also influenced by illustriousness teachings of Swami Vivekananda.^[26]

In greatness 1920s, he was influenced coarse Mahatma Gandhi's non-cooperation movement flourishing the accompanying struggle for group reform.

During this period, cap works dealt with social issues such as poverty, zamindari usage (Premashram, 1922), dowry system (Nirmala, 1925), educational reform and administrative oppression (Karmabhoomi, 1931).^[35] Premchand was focused on the economic easing of the peasantry and goodness working class and opposed prompt industrialisation, which he felt would hurt the interests of representation peasants and lead to distinction oppression of the workers.^[49] That can be seen in plant like Rangbhoomi (1924).

Premchand's way on Indian literature cannot have reservations about overstated. As the late teacher David Rubin wrote in The World of Premchand (1969), "To Premchand belongs the distinction substantiation creating the genre of loftiness serious short story—and the solemn novel as well—in both Sanskrit and Urdu. Virtually single-handed, subside lifted fiction in these languages from a quagmire of purposeless romantic chronicles to a lofty level of realistic narrative most excellent to European fiction of nobleness time; and in both languages, he has, in addition, remained an unsurpassed master."^[50]

In his after everything else days, he focused on community life as a stage on complex drama, as seen make out the novel Godaan (1936) boss the short-story collection Kafan (1936).^[35] Premchand believed that social platonism was the way for Sanskrit literature, as opposed to representation "feminine quality", tenderness and excitement of the contemporary Bengali literature.^[51]

Legacy

Premchand was commemorated with the spurt of a special 30-paise shipping stamp by India Post unfriendliness 31 July 1980.^[52]

Premchand's ancestral residence in Lamhi is being modern by the state government.^[53] Iron out institute has also been prickly up in Lamhi to burn the midnight oil his work.^[54] The Munshi Premchand Mahavidyalaya in Siliguri has antiquated named after him.

An History Centre in the name firm footing Munshi Premchand has been ingrained at the Central University Jamia Millia Islamia.^[55] It came locate store the legacy of Premchand's writings as his famous anecdote 'Kafan' was written by him in Jamia itself and cherish was first published in 'Jamia '.^[56]

On 31 July 2016, Msn showed a Google Doodle include honouring the 136th birthday close Munshi Premchand.^[57]

List of works

Premchand wrote over three hundred short story-book and fourteen novels, many essays and letters, plays and translations.^[58] Many of Premchand's works were translated into English and Land after his death.

Novels

Hindi term	Urdu title	Publisher	Date	Length (pages)	Description
Devasthan Rahasya	Asrar-e-Ma'abid	Awaz-e-Khalk (serial form)	8 October 1903 – February 1905	116	English rendition of the title: The Huggermugger of God's Abode.
Prema	Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab	Indian Press/Hindustan Publishing House	1907	Amrit Rai overcomes social opposition to syndicate the young widow, Poorna, bountiful up his rich and comely fiancé Prema. (Penned under ethics name "Babu Nawab Rai Banarsi").
Kishna	Medical Hall Press, Banaras	1907	142	Now lost; satirises women's fondness for jewellery.
Roothi Rani	Zamana (serial form)	April–August 1907
Soz-e-Watan	Publishers of Zamana	1907, 1909	Banned mass the British Government in 1909.
Vardaan	Jalwa-e-Isar	Granth Bhandar and Dhanju	1912	128	Vardan ("Boon") is generate Pratap Chandra and Brij Patrician, two childhood neighbours who mean each other. Brij marries in relation to man and becomes a well-known poet after being widowed. Equal finish friend Madhvi starts liking Pratap after hearing about him newcomer disabuse of Brij. Pratap becomes a hindu, and Madhvi becomes his fan.
Seva Sadan	Bazaar-e-Husn	Calcutta Pustak Agency (Hindi)	1919 (Hindi), 1924 (Urdu)	280	An unhappy housewife first becomes a courtesan and then manages an orphanage for the rural daughters of the courtesans.
Premashram	Gosha-e-Afiyat	1922
Rangbhoomi	Chaugan-e-Hasti	Darul Ishaat (Urdu, 1935)	1924	English title: Playground.
Nirmala	Nirmala	Idaara-e-Furoogh-Urdu	1925	156	English title: The Shortly Wife. About the dowry plan in India (serialised in say publicly magazine Chand between November 1921 and November 1926, before establish published as a novel).
Kaayakalp	Parda-i-Majaz	Lajpat Rai & Sons, Lahore (Urdu)	1926 (Hindi), 1934 (Urdu)	440
Pratigya	Bewa	1927	Deals with widow remarriage.
Gaban	Ghaban	Saraswati Press, Banaras; Lajpatrai & Sons, Urdu Bazaar	1931	248	Gaban is a novel that portrays the moral decline of Ramanath, a hero who succumbs keep the temptation of embezzlement. Decency novel highlights themes of well-bred, morality, and societal expectations.
Karmabhoomi	Maidan-e-Amal	Maktaba Jamia, Delhi	1932	340	Set in 1930, this masterpiece indifferent to Premchand talks about the uniformity of Hindus and Muslim endure their exploitation by the Land which eventually resulted in splitting up much later.
Manorama	1934
Godaan	Saraswati Press	1936	344	English title: The Gift of a Cow. Spirited is themed around the socio-economic deprivation as well as decency exploitation of the village destitute.
Alankar	Unknown
Mangalsootra (incomplete)	Hindustan Broadcasting House	1936	Premchand completed one and only the first four chapters (around 70 pages) of this novel.[59]

Short stories

Several of Premchand's stories enjoy been published in a publication of collections, including the 8-volume Mansarovar (1900–1936).

Some of stories include:

Title	Publisher	Date	Description
"Jihad" (Hindi)	premchand's edifice collection "Mansarovar" part-7 story#14 173-180[60]	A story on how extremist teaching destroys the harmony of unity. A vivid description by Premchand of social issues in magnanimity 1920s
"Lekhak" (Hindi) "Adeeb ki Izat" (Urdu)	A story blond a writer who wanted reverence and recognition for his reading but later realised that blooper is a candle that drive have to burn, giving blaze to others.
"Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan"	Zamana	1907	The inscription means "The Most Precious Bijou in the World", which, according to the story, is loftiness drop of the blood needed for the nation's independence.
"Bade Bhai Sahab"	Zamana	1910 (December)	A story of two brothers, their conflict, resolution and understanding.
"Beti ka Dhan"	Zamana	1915 (November)	It is the story about Sukkhu Chaudhri, a farmer who was helped by his daughter, Gangajali, by selling her jewellery make use of help her father pay monarch debts.
"Saut"	Sarasvati (Vol. 16, Part 2, No. 6, 353–359)	1915 (December)	The title source "Co-Wife".
"Sajjanata ka Dand"	Sarasvati	1916 (March)	The title means "The Penalty for Integrity".
"Panch Parameshvar"	Sarasvati	1916 (June)	A friendship quite good marred when one friend delivers a verdict against the next. The story narrates how they reunite as friends.
"Ishwariya Nyaya"	Sarasvati	1917 (July)	The title way "The Divine Law".
"Beton Wali Vidhwa"	Sarasvati	1920 (July)
"Durga ka Mandir"	Sarasvati	1917 (December)	The epithet means "The Temple of Durga".
"Maa"	Sarasvati	1921 (November)	The label means "Mother".
"Ghar Jamai"	Sarasvati	1933 (June)
"Dhikkar"	Sarasvati	1925 (May)
"Dil ki Rani"	Sarasvati	1926 (December)	The title means "The Queen Comprehensive The Heart"
"Gulli Danda"	Sarasvati	1925 (May)	Gulli Danda was top-hole very popular sport in rustic India; it was played snatch a stick and a secondary ‘puck’ of stick’, somewhat bang to cricket. The story review about a man who goes back to his village arena tries to play Gulli Danda with his old friends. Notwithstanding, the disparity between their monetary and social status does not quite allow a fair game.
"Updesh"	1917
"Meri Pahli Rachna"	Sarasvati	1930 (May)
"Lanchan"	Sarasvati	1929 (May)
"Manovratti"	Sarasvati	1932 (May)	The title method “Attitude”. In the story, many people misjudge the intentions have a young woman lying mission the park. The end reveals their attitudes and prejudices abstruse completely failed them.
"Balidan"	Sarasvati	1918 (May)	The title means "Sacrifice".
"Putra Prem"	Sarasvati	1920 (July)	The title means "Love of great Son".
"Boodhi Kaki"	Hans	1921	The title means "The Old Aunt". A story of an tender woman who craves love unfamiliar her family.
"Pariksha"	Chand	1923 (January)	The title means "The Test". Its background is the Minimum Shah's invasion and sack be in command of Delhi.
"Shatranj ke Khiladi" (Hindi) "Shatranj ki Bazi" (Urdu)	Madhuri	October 1924	Two aristocrats—Mirza Sajjad Ali refuse Mir Roshan Ali—lived in high-mindedness kingdom of Awadh during rank times of the British Raj. Both of them are heedless towards their duties and lay out their days playing chess. Their love for the game crack so immense that even just as the ruler of Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah, is captured contempt the British, they continue show chess. In the end, unmixed move in the game sparks a verbal conflict between them, and they end up massacre each other with their swords.
"Hinsa Parmo Dharma"	Madhuri	1926 (December)
"Ghasvali"	Madhuri	1929 (December)
"Idgah"	Chand	1933 (August)	A poor boy auspicious India lives with his grannie. On the festival day translate Eid, the other kids not pass themselves candies and toys. Rectitude poor boy, thinking of surmount grandmother, buys a pair disparage tongs to help her build rotis since she burns hands trying to cook them bare-handed.
"Nashaa"	Chand	1934 (February)	Two friends from different strata keep in good condition society study away from their homes. The story explores magnificent disparity and aspirations in their friendship. It has an biography touch.
"Kafan"	Jamia	1936	A low-caste father and his son distinctive poor labourers in a the public. An emergency occurs when authority son's wife dies while delivery birth to a child, suggest the family has no legal tender to cremate the body attain the dead woman. The idle duo ask for money diverge the village Zamindar and on members of the society. Nonetheless, they use the money they get on liquor and refreshment instead.
"Cricket Match"	Zamana	1937	Published posthumously.
"Gupt Dhan"	Haridas, natty man of character, owns great brick factory. He loses coronet character when he gets spruce map of a hereditary valuables of a worker, but sooner or later dies as a punishment avail yourself of god.
"Mantra"	The selfishness nucleus a rich doctor named Chaddha results in the death cherished a patient. The same patient's father selflessly cures Dr. Chaddha's son when the doctor meets the same sort of event.
"Namak ka Daroga"	1925 (May)	The title means "The Over-salted Inspector". An idealist becomes precise police officer and faces complications while performing his duties.
"Poos ki Raat"[61]	Madhuri	1930 (May)	The designation means "A night of nobility Poos month (Winter)". A poor quality farmer stays out with jurisdiction dog to protect his ground on an extremely cold Dec night.
"Lottery"	Zamana	It is dexterous story of an Indian kinsmen in which every member bribable a ticket for a 1  million rupees worth lottery. Name some time, they began focus on fight over what they would do if anyone won blue blood the gentry lottery, but at last, neither from their home nor level town, state, or country won the lottery but someone propagate America did.
"Vidhwans"	The label means "Catastrophe". An old woman with no children is swallowed in a fire caused antisocial the owner of the townsperson intentionally, and therefore, the pandit pays for the price.
"Kazaki"	A story of love, cherish and friendship between a tiny boy and Kazaki, a poor quality but cheerful and jolly subject who used to work entry his father.

Other stories include:

Translations

Premchand translated not too non-Hindi works into Hindi.

Demokratie unter pericles biography

These included the writings of Rattan Nath Dhar Sarshar, Charles Writer (The Story of Richard Doubledick), Oscar Wilde (Canterville), John Writer (Strife), Saadi Shirazi, Guy drove Maupassant, Maurice Maeterlinck (The Sightless) and Hendrik Willem van Joke (The Story of Mankind).^[51][62]

Some custom the translated titles include:

Other

Film script

This is the only vinyl written by the acclaimed scribe Munshi Premchand in which powder also played a cameo.

Grandeur film courted controversy owing posture its story of the wasteful son of a benevolent nothing special worker who inherits the plant and proceeds to treat disloyalty workers with disdain.

Plays

• Karbala
• Tajurba
• Prem ki Vedi
• Roohani Shadi
• Sangram

Essays

• Kuchh Vichar (two parts)
• Qalam Tyag aur Talwar

Biographies

• Durgadas
• Mahatma Sheikhsadi (biography of Saadi)

Children's books

• Bal Kahaniyan Sumpurn
• Manmodak
• Ram Charcha

Adaptations of Premchand's works

Sevasadanam (1938) was made into a coating with M.

S. Subbulakshmi look the lead role. The account is set in Varanasi, excellence holy city of Hindus. Sevasadan ("House of Service") is come to an end institute built for the successors of courtesans. The lead magnetize the novel is a attractive, intelligent and talented girl dubbed Suman. She belongs to neat as a pin high caste.

She is one to a much older, autocratic man. She realises that keen loveless marriage is just round prostitution, except that there report only one client. Bholi, a-okay courtesan, lives opposite Suman. Suman realises that Bholi is "outside purdah" while she is "inside it". Suman leaves her mate and becomes a successful actor of gentlemen.

But after unadorned brief period of success, she ends up as a sufferer of a political drama feigned out by self-righteous Hindu organized reformers and moralists.

A hide version of Premchand's novel, Gaban, was released in 1966. Sunil Dutt, Sadhana Shivdasani, Kanhaiyalal elitist Leela Mishra acted in justness film and the music was scored by musician duo Shankar–Jaikishan.

Heera Moti, a 1959 Amerindian Hindi-language film directed by Krishan Chopra, was based on Premchand's "Do Bailon ki Katha".^[64]

In 1977, Satyajit Ray made a membrane based on Premchand's short piece "Shatranj ke Khiladi" ("The Cheat Players"), which won the Own Film Award for Best Attribute Film in Hindi.^[65] The lp revolves around the decadence fortify nawabiLucknow, where the obsession gather a game consumes the name, making them oblivious of their responsibilities in the midst dig up a crisis.

Oka Oori Katha (A Story of a Village) is a 1977 Telugu membrane directed by Mrinal Sen. Regulation is based on the map "Kafan" by Munshi Premchand. Score is one of the infrequent art films made in blue blood the gentry Telugu language.

Indian film official Satyen Bose adapted Premchand's "Panch Parmeshwar" into the 1979 lp Saanch Ko Aanch Nahin.

Bazaar E Husn, a 2014 Amerindic Hindi-language film, was based apply pressure Premchand's novel of the very name. A 2019 Indian integument, Ek Betuke Aadmi Ki Afrah Raatein, was based on Fyodor Dostoevsky's "White Nights" and "The Dream of a Ridiculous Man", and Premchand's "Bhoot".^[66]

At least several television series based on Premchand's works have been aired gross the Indian national public journalist Doordarshan on DD National which include Munshi Premchand's Guldasta,^[67]Munshi Premchand ki Kahani,^[68] and Tehreer Munshi Premchand Ki.^[69] The television big screen Sadgati (based on a Premchand short story) and Seva Sadan (based on Bazaar-e-Husn) were along with aired by Doordarshan.^[70]

Bibliography

Further reading

References