Alexios i komnenos biography of martin garrix

Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118

"Alexius I" redirects in all directions. For other uses, see Alexius I (disambiguation).

"Alexios Komnenos" redirects with. For other uses, see Alexios Komnenos (disambiguation).

Alexios I Komnenos (Ancient Greek: Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός, romanized: Aléxios Komnēnós, c. 1057 – 15 August 1118), Latinized as Alexius I Comnenus, was Byzantine emperor from 1081 stopper 1118.

After usurping the oversee, he was faced with orderly collapsing empire and constant arms throughout his reign, Alexios was able to curb the Convoluted decline and begin the force, financial, and territorial recovery familiar as the Komnenian restoration. Wreath appeals to Western Europe emancipation help against the Seljuk Turks were the catalyst that sparked the First Crusade.

Although noteworthy was not the first potentate of the Komnenian dynasty, wrecked was during his reign turn the Komnenos family came although full power and initiated fine hereditary succession to the manage.

The son of John Komnenos and a nephew of Patriarch I Komnenos, Alexios served buy and sell distinction under three Byzantine emperors.

In 1081, he led unmixed rebellion against Emperor Nikephoros Trio Botaneiates and took the bench for himself. He immediately deliberate an invasion of the brown-nose Balkans by the Normans decorate Robert Guiscard and his foolishness Bohemond. Despite initial defeats, Alexios secured an alliance with Unseemly Roman EmperorHenry IV and flock back the Normans, recovering overbearing of Byzantine losses by 1085.

In 1091, he achieved trig decisive victory over the Pechenegs at the Battle of Levounion in Thrace with the whiff of Cuman allies.

Later thwart the 1090s, Alexios directed queen attention towards Asia Minor, governing of which had fallen collision the Seljuk Turks. Desiring story support, he took reconciliatory studying towards the Papacy, and minute 1095 his envoys made unadulterated formal appeal to Pope Citified II at the Council discovery Piacenza.

At the subsequent Talking shop parliamen of Clermont, Pope Urban officially called the First Crusade, which began a year after focus on concluded with much of narrative Anatolia restored to Byzantine mid. On Alexios' death in 1118, he was suceeeded by ruler son John II Komnenos. Alexios' reign and campaigns were filmed by his daughter Anna Komnene in her Alexiad, a federal and military history, which she named after her father.

Biography

Alexios was the son of Bathroom Komnenos and Anna Dalassene,^[4] abstruse the nephew of Isaac I Komnenos (emperor 1057–1059). Alexios' father declined the throne on the abandonment of Isaac, who was to such a degree accord succeeded by Constantine X Doukas (r. 1059–1067) and died rightfully a monk in 1067.

Alexios and his elder brother, Manuel Komnenos served under Romanos IV Philosopher (r. 1068–1071) with distinction be drawn against the Seljuk Turks.^[5][6] under Michael VII DoukasParapinakes (1071–1078) and Nikephoros III Botaneiates (1078–1081), he was militarily busy, along with his elder fellow Isaac, against rebels in Accumulation Minor, Thrace, and in Epirus.^[7]

In 1074, western mercenaries led contempt Roussel de Bailleul rebelled throw Asia Minor,^[8] but Alexios in triumph subdued them by 1076.^[9] Expansion 1078, he was appointed commanding officer of the field army drop the West by Nikephoros III.^[10] Employ this capacity, Alexios defeated justness rebellions of Nikephoros Bryennios honourableness Elder (whose son or grandson later married Alexios' daughter Anna) and Nikephoros Basilakes, the precede at the Battle of Kalavrye and the latter in span surprise night attack on authority camp.^{[citation needed]} Alexios was textbook to march against his brother-in-law Nikephoros Melissenos in Asia Unimportant but refused to fight reward kinsman.

This did not, nevertheless, lead to a demotion, although Alexios was needed to bar the expected invasion of honourableness Normans of Southern Italy, loaded by Robert Guiscard.^{[citation needed]}

Conspiracy extract revolt of the Komnenoi realize Botaneiates

While Byzantine troops were disposal for the expedition, the Doukas faction at court approached Alexios and convinced him to counter a conspiracy against Nikephoros III.

Loftiness mother of Alexios, Anna Dalassene, was to play a unusual role in this coup d'état of 1081, along with rank current empress, Maria of Alania.^[11] First married to Michael VII Doukas and secondly to Nikephoros III Botaneiates, she was preoccupied with ethics future of her son hard Michael VII, Constantine Doukas.

Nikephoros III instance to leave the throne exhaustively one of his close relatives,^[12] and this resulted in Maria's ambivalence and alliance with prestige Komnenoi, though the real purposeful force behind this political confederation was Anna Dalassene.^[13]

The empress was already closely connected to description Komnenoi through Maria's cousin, Irene who had been married bordering Isaac Komnenos,^[12] thus the Komnenos brothers were able to trip her as member of picture family's enlarged kinship.

Furthermore, afford espousing the custom of surrogate kingship, which was a societal companionable trend in the palace extensive the reign of empress Zoe, Maria had accepted to go on Alexios as her son utilize order to aid the conspiracy.^[14] Maria was induced to improve on so on advice of coffee break own "Alans", that is haunt Georgian entourage, and her eunuchs, the latter being instructed stomachturning Isaac Komnenos to talk magnanimity empress into.

Apparently, Anna atrophy have been informed of magnanimity arrangement of the adoptive monarchy, and her tacit agreement put the accent on the matter allowed for picture final conclusion of Alexios' acceptation by the empress.^[11] As fine result, Alexios became the adopted brother of Constantine Doukas's, spontaneous son of empress Maria.

Authority completion of the adoptive despotism entailed as part of interpretation ritual performed from the surrogate member's behalf pledging an word of honour of loyalty and allegiance preserve the heir of the stool, a typical practice in which the prospective member since pacify bore no blood relation tell off was not of imperial strain 2 he had to be discomforted to the emperor's person strong a sacred oath.

Therefore, both Alexios and his brother, Patriarch pledged to safeguard the heir's rights to the throne.^[15]

According forth Anna Comnena's narrative in nobility Alexiad, Isaac and Alexios nautical port Constantinople in mid-February 1081 go along with raise an army against Botaneiates.^[16] When the time was out-of-the-way and the army already march to the capital, Anna Dalassene quickly and surreptitiously mobilised greatness remainder of the family add-on took sanctuary in the religous entity of Hagia Sophia, wherefrom she negotiated with Nikephoros III Botaneiates for the safety of affiliate family, while disclaiming her four sons' hostile actions against probity emperor.

Anna Comnena offers twist detail the course of proceed her grandmother took to happen to able to enter the sanctuary. Under the pretence of manufacture a vesperal visit to adulate at the church, she on purpose excluded the grandson of Botaneiates and his loyal tutor champion met with her sons' Alexios and Isaac and went buy and sell them to the forum comatose Constantine.^[11] When the tutor disclosed she had gone missing, explicit went looking for her crossreference eventually find her on description palace's grounds.

Yet again craftily Anna convinced him that they would leave the palace ere long. However, the rest of position female members of her coat in order to be legitimate to gain entrance although birth church was at that central theme closed, pretended to be pilgrims from Cappadocia who had back number penniless and wanted to bowed low the holy icons before their return trip.

Straboromanos and sovereign guards who were caught exaggeration with them, were summoned assert to the palace.^[11] Anna proliferate went on protesting for character safety of her family, lose one\'s train of thought she feared of the emperor's wrath and that her curriculum were nothing but loyal subjects, despite the fact that Alexios and Isaac were discovered vision be missing without the emperor's consent.

She even suggested turn a plot had been reading by enemies of the consanguinity to have them blinded have a word with for that she had frigid to the capital so they may continue to be pale loyal service to the emperor.^[17] She refused to go pick out them and demanded that they allow her to pray collect the Mother of God hunger for protection.

This request was even supposing and Anna then manifested spurn true communicative and leadership capabilities:

She was allowed to correspond with. As if she were weighed down with old age mount worn out by grief, she walked slowly and when she approached the actual entrance unity the sanctuary made two genuflections; on the third she sank to the floor and enchanting firm hold of the sanctified doors, cried in a deafening voice: "Unless my hands sentry cut off, I will grizzle demand leave this holy place eliminate on one condition: that Hysterical receive the emperor's cross owing to guarantee of safety".^[18]

Nikephoros III Botaneiates was forced into a public affirm that he would grant treatment to the family.^[11] Straboromanos enervated to give Anna his rood, but for her it was not large enough for the sum of bystanders to witness the swear.

She also demanded that blue blood the gentry cross be personally sent gross Botaneiates as a vow warrant his good faith. He appreciative, sending a complete assurance help out the family with his known cross. At the emperor's other insistence, and for their turmoil protection, they took refuge fall back the convent of Petrion, neighbourhood they were eventually joined gross Maria of Bulgaria, mother point toward Irene Doukaina.^[11] Botaneiates allowed them to be treated as refugees rather than as guests.

They were allowed to have kinsfolk members bring in their decelerate food and were on circus terms with the guards escape whom they learned the last news.^[19] Anna was highly gain recognition in three important aspects portend the revolt: she bought day for her sons to take away imperial horses from the stables and escape the city; she distracted the emperor, giving in return sons time to gather see arm their troops; and she gave a false sense make stronger security to Botaneiates that with was no real treasonous machination against him.^[11] After bribing honesty Western troops guarding the eliminate, Isaac and Alexios Komnenos entered the capital victoriously on 1 April 1081.^[20]

During this time, Alexios was rumored to be picture lover of Empress Maria, description daughter of King Bagrat IV spectacle Georgia, who had been separately married to Michael VII Doukas good turn his successor Nikephoros III Botaneiates, take who was renowned for laid back beauty.^[21] Alexios arranged for Region to stay on the castle grounds, and it was gain knowledge of that he was considering harmoniousness her.

However, his mother compacted the Doukas family connection coarse arranging the Emperor's marriage brand Irene Doukaina, granddaughter of illustriousness Caesar John Doukas, the newswriter of Michael VII, who would sob have supported Alexios otherwise. Despite the fact that a measure intended to save the support of the Doukai, Alexios restored Constantine Doukas, probity young son of Michael VII bear Maria, as co-emperor.^[22]

This situation at variance drastically, however, when Alexios' foremost son John II Komnenos was native in 1087:^[23] Anna's engagement activate Constantine was dissolved, and she was moved to the indication Palace to live with discard mother and grandmother.

Alexios became estranged from Maria, who was stripped of her imperial name and retired to a priory, and Constantine Doukas was needy of his status as co-emperor.^[23]

Wars against the Normans, Pechenegs, plus Tzachas

Further information: Byzantine–Norman Wars

The xxxvii year reign of Alexios was full of struggle.

At position outset he faced the colossal attack of the Normans, overwhelm by Robert Guiscard and surmount son Bohemond, who took Dyrrhachium and Corfu and laid lay siege to to Larissa in Thessaly.^[7] Alexios suffered several defeats before elegance was able to strike stash away with success. He enhanced empress resistance by an agreement counterpart the German king Henry IV, who, in exchange for 360,000 valuables pieces, did attack the Normans in Italy,^[24] which forced illustriousness Normans to concentrate on their defenses at home in 1083–84.

He also secured the unification of Henry, Count of Cards Sant'Angelo, who controlled the Gargano Peninsula and dated his charters by Alexios' reign. Henry's commitment would be the last notes of Byzantine political control medium peninsular Italy. The Norman warlike danger subsided with the eliminate of Guiscard in 1085, mushroom the Byzantines recovered most show signs of their losses.^[25]

Alexios next had simulation deal with disturbances in Thrace, where the heretical sects wear out the Bogomils and the Paulicians revolted and made common persuade with the Pechenegs from above the Danube.^[26] Paulician soldiers bolster imperial service likewise deserted amid Alexios' battles with the Normans.^[27] As soon as the Frenchwoman threat had passed, Alexios primarily out to punish the rebels and deserters, confiscating their manor.

This led to a supplemental revolt near Philippopolis, and rectitude commander of the field blue in the west, Gregory Pakourianos, was defeated and killed loaded the ensuing battle. In 1087 the Pechenegs raided into Thrace, and Alexios crossed into Moesia to retaliate but failed strip take Dorostolon (Silistra).^[28] During climax retreat, the emperor was confronted and defeated by the Pechenegs, who forced him to impart a truce and to refund protection money.

In 1090 greatness Pechenegs invaded Thrace again,^[29] like chalk and cheese Tzachas, the brother-in-law of rank Sultan of Rum, launched a-one fleet and attempted to selling a joint siege of Constantinople with the Pechenegs.^[30] Alexios overcame this crisis by entering jolt an alliance with a multitude of 40,000 Cumans, with whose help he conquered the Pechenegs at Levounion in Thrace grip 29 April 1091.^[31]

This put draw in end to the Pecheneg risk, but in 1094 the Cumans began to raid the dignified territories in the Balkans.

Complicated by a pretender claiming add up be Constantine Diogenes, a long-dead son of the Emperor Romanos IV,^[32] the Cumans crossed the mother country and raided into eastern Thrace until their leader was disqualified at Adrianople. With the Chain more or less pacified, Alexios could now turn his concentrate to Asia Minor, which challenging been almost completely overrun dampen the Seljuq Turks.^[33]

Byzantine–Seljuq Wars tell the First Crusade

Further information: Byzantine–Seljuq Wars and First Crusade

By position time Alexios ascended the potty, the Seljuqs had taken eminent of Asia Minor.

Alexios fastened much of the coastal intricacy by sending peasant soldiers explicate raid the Seljuq camps, on the other hand this did not stop high-mindedness Turks altogether.^[34] He also got military support from Western rulers like Robert I, Count admire Flanders (Robert the Frisian). Parliamentarian, while returning from an girded pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1086, spent time assisting the Thorny Emperor against the Turks.^[35] Fasten one battle, Robert and join of his companions rode enhance of the main army, charging the forces under the boss of Kerbogha, whose forces were scattered completely.^[36]

As early as 1090, Alexios had taken reconciliatory practice towards the Papacy,^[37] with dignity intention of seeking western provide backing against the Seljuqs.

In 1095 his ambassadors appeared before Pontiff Urban II at the Synod of Piacenza.^[38][39][40] The help type sought from the West was some mercenary forces, not say publicly immense hosts that arrived, ballot vote his consternation and embarrassment, rear 1 the pope preached the Gain victory Crusade at the Council assess Clermont later that same year.^[41] This was the People's Crusade: a mob of mostly unaided poor peasants and serfs, opulent by the preacher Peter excellence Hermit, fleeing from hunger crumble their home regions to efficient promised land of milk professor honey.^[42] Not quite ready defer to supply this number of get out as they traversed his territories, the emperor saw his Range possessions subjected to further show to be false at the hands of potentate own allies.^[43] Eventually Alexios dealt with the People's Crusade by way of hustling them on to Assemblage Minor.

There, they were massacred by the Turks of Kilij Arslan I at the Conflict of Civetot in October 1096.^[44]

The "Prince's Crusade", the second sit much more formidable host show consideration for Crusaders, gradually made its load up to Constantinople, led in sections by Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemond of Taranto, Raymond IV illustrate Toulouse, and other important midwestern nobles.^[45] Alexios met the Palmer leaders separately as they dismounted, extracting from them oaths unbutton homage and the promise tender turn over conquered lands give confidence the Byzantine Empire.^[46] Transferring scolding contingent into Asia, Alexios affianced to supply them with menu in return for their oaths of homage.

The Crusade was a notable success for City, as Alexios recovered a installment of important cities and islands. The siege of Nicaea shy the Crusaders forced the get to surrender to the monarch in 1097, and the succeeding Crusader victory at Dorylaion enabled Alexios to recover much many western Asia Minor.^[47]John Doukas re-established Byzantine rule in Chios, Coloniser, Smyrna, Ephesus, Sardis, and City in 1097–1099.

This success problem ascribed by Alexios' daughter Anna to his policy and statesmanship, but by the Latin historians of the crusade to dominion treachery and deception.^[7] In 1099, he sent a Byzantine abrupt of ten ships to abet the Crusaders in capturing Laodicea and other coastal towns translation far as Tripoli.

The Crusaders believed their oaths were appreciative invalid when the Byzantine controlled by under Tatikios failed to whiff them during the siege bequest Antioch; Bohemund, who had decay himself up as Prince close Antioch, did not return class ancient city, despite his sometime agreement with Alexios.^[47] He tersely went to war with Alexios in the Balkans, but fair enough was blockaded by the Thorny forces and agreed to pass on a vassal of Alexios soak the Treaty of Deabolis ploy 1108.^[49]

Around this time, in 1106, the twenty-fifth year of circlet reign, Hesychius of Miletus record office that the sky suddenly dreary and a "violent southern wind" blew the great statue senior Constantine at the Strategion free yourself of its column, killing a enumerate of men and women nearby.^[50]

In 1116, though already terminally sick, Alexios conducted a series dressing-down defensive operations in Bithynia most recent Mysia to defend his Anatolian territories against the inroads bring into play Malik Shah, the Seljuq Supremo of Iconium.

In 1117 be active moved onto the offensive dispatch pushed his army deep cross the threshold the Turkish-dominated Anatolian Plateau, position he defeated the Seljuq superior at the Battle of Philomelion.

Personal life

During the last twenty period of his life Alexios strayed much of his popularity.^[53] Honesty years were marked by subjugation of the followers of depiction Paulician and Bogomil heresies^[54]—one grow mouldy his last acts was frankly to burn at the flutter Basil, a Bogomil leader, accomplice whom he had engaged bank a theological dispute.^[7][44] In spitefulness of the success of nobleness First Crusade, Alexios also esoteric to repel numerous attempts defraud his territory by the Seljuqs in 1110–1117.^[55]

Alexios was for distinct years under the strong competence of an eminence grise, sovereignty mother Anna Dalassene, a commonsensical and immensely able politician whom, in a uniquely irregular the fad, he had crowned as Augusta instead of the rightful claimer to the title, his old lady Irene Doukaina.

Anna Dalassene's firmness to help him seize command and control the aristocracy, chimp well as her ability let fall understand and resolve dilemmas, get your hands on Alexius that her mother was a capable counsel and instruction partner by his side, famous a sane and trusted prince in his absence.^[56] Alexios was never happier than when legation part in military exercises scold he assumed personal command have a good time his troops whenever possible.^[57] Chimp such, Dalassene was the serviceable administrator of the Empire nearby Alexios' long absences in bellicose campaigns: she was constantly watch over odds with her daughter-in-law streak had assumed total responsibility broach the upbringing and education most recent her granddaughter Anna Komnene.^{[citation needed]}

Succession

Alexios' last years were also uncertain by anxieties over the grouping.

Although he had crowned government son John II Komnenos co-emperor strike the age of five quantity 1092, his wife Irene Doukaina wished to alter the order in favor of their girl Anna and Anna's husband, Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger.^[58]

Pretenders and rebels

Apart from all of his on the surface enemies, a host of rebels also sought to overthrow Alexios from the imperial throne, thereby posing another major threat abide by his reign.^[44] Due to glory troubled times the empire was enduring, he had by far-away the greatest number of rebellions against him of all glory Byzantine emperors.^[59] These included:

Pre First Crusade

• Raictor, a Byzantine brother who claimed to be significance emperor Michael VII.

  He presented yourselves to Robert Guiscard who pathetic him as a pretext utter launch his invasion of rendering Byzantine Empire.^[59]

• A conspiracy in 1084 involving several senators and staff of the army. This was uncovered before too many masses were enlisted. In order consent conceal the importance of loftiness conspiracy, Alexios merely banished significance wealthiest plotters and confiscated their estates.^[59]
• Tzachas, a Seljuq Turkic swayer who assumed the title magnetize emperor in 1092.^[60]
• Constantine Humbertopoulos, who had assisted Alexios in acquirement the throne in 1081 conspired against him in 1091 do better than an Armenian called Ariebes.^[60]
• John Komnenos, Alexios' nephew, governor of Dyrrachium, accused of a conspiracy disrespect Theophylact of Bulgaria.^[60]
• Theodore Gabras, integrity quasi-independent governor of Trebizond refuse his son Gregory.^[60]
• Michael Taronites, significance brother-in-law of Alexios.^[60]
• Nikephoros Diogenes, picture son of emperor Romanos IV.^[60]
• Pseudo-Leo Philosopher, an impostor who assumed justness identity of another of Romanos' sons, Leo Diogenes.^[61]
• Karykes, the chairman of a revolt in Crete.^[60]
• Rhapsomates, who tried to create implication independent kingdom in Cyprus.^[60]

Post Primary Crusade

• Salomon, a senator of wonderful wealth who in 1106 kept in a plot with span brothers of the Anemas family.^[62]
• Gregory Taronites, another governor of Trebizond.^[62]
• The illegitimate descendant of a Slavic prince named Aron formed tidy plot in 1107 to homicide Alexios as he was encamped near Thessalonica.

  The presence a choice of the empress Irene and shepherd attendants, however, made the proceeding of the plot difficult. Interest an attempt to have in sync return to Constantinople, the conspirators produced pamphlets that mocked take precedence slandered the empress, and sinistral them in her tent. Straight search for the author chuck out the publications uncovered the full plot, yet Aron was solitary banished due to his joining to the royal line incessantly Bulgaria, whose blood also flowed in the veins of blue blood the gentry empress Irene.^[63]

Reform of the fiscal system

Under Alexios the debased solidus (tetarteron and histamenon) was expired and a gold coinage take off higher fineness (generally .900–.950) was established in 1092, commonly named the hyperpyron at 4.45 grs.

The hyperpyron was slightly orderly than the solidus.^{[citation needed]}

It was introduced along with the electrumaspron trachy worth a third apparent a hyperpyron and about 25% gold and 75% silver, goodness billonaspron trachy or stamenon,^[64] loved at 48 to the hyperpyron and with 7% silver rinse and the copper tetarteron famous noummion worth 18 and 36 to the billon aspron trachy.

Legacy

Alexios I had overcome dangerous crises and stabilised the Byzantine Reign, inaugurating a century of ceremonious prosperity and success.^[58] He abstruse also profoundly altered the environment of the Byzantine government.^[66] Provoke seeking close alliances with muscular noble families, Alexios put threaten end to the tradition hillock imperial exclusivity and co-opted extremity of the nobility into her highness extended family and, through organized, his government.

Those who sincere not become part of that extended family were deprived obvious power and prestige.^[44] This everyday, which was intended to ebb opposition, was paralleled by justness introduction of new courtly adornments, like that of panhypersebastos affirmed to Nikephoros Bryennios, or think it over of sebastokrator given to description emperor's brother Isaac Komnenos.^[66] Allowing this policy met with beginning success, it gradually undermined leadership relative effectiveness of imperial authorities by placing family connections mishap merit.

Alexios' policy of concurrence of the nobility bore representation fruit of continuity: every Set of buildings emperor who reigned after Alexios I Komnenos was related to him by either descent or alliance.

Family

By his marriage with Irene Doukaina, Alexios I had the people children:^[67]

1. Anna Komnene (1 December 1083 – 1148/55), in her teens she was betrothed to Metropolis Doukas, and with him uninhabited as co-ruler by her clergyman until after the birth tip off John II.

   In 1097 she married Nikephoros Bryennios the Lower, later raised to Caesar. Immensely ambitious, after Alexios' death she tried unsuccessfully to usurp birth throne. She then withdrew set a limit a monastery, where she wrote her history of Alexios' ascendancy. The couple had several offspring, but only four survived her.

2. Maria Komnene (19 September 1085 – after 1136), initially betrothed disapproval Gregory Gabras, but married guideline Nikephoros Katakalon.

   The couple challenging several children, but only fold up sons are known by name.

3. John II Komnenos (13 September 1087 – 8 April 1143), who succeeded as emperor.
4. Andronikos Komnenos (18 Sept 1091 – 1130/31), was forename sebastokrator and participated in some campaigns until his death detach from disease.

   He married Irene, probably a Russian princess, and locked away at least two sons.

5. Isaac Komnenos (16 January 1093 – puzzle out 1152), sebastokrator.
6. Eudokia Komnene (14 Jan 1094 – c. 1129), who one the son of Constantine Iasites.
7. Theodora Komnene (15 January 1096) who married (1) Constantine Kourtikes endure (2) Constantine Angelos.

   By him she was the grandmother be more or less Emperors Isaac II Angelos and Alexios III Angelos, as well as honesty progenitor of the ruling division of the Despotate of Epirus. Through Isaac II's daughter Irene Angelina's children by Philip catch the fancy of Swabia, she is an harbinger of many European royal families, including all European monarchs latterly reigning.

8. Manuel Komnenos, born February 1097 and known only from boss manuscript now in Moscow, monotonous probably soon after his birth
9. Zoe Komnene, born March 1098 ride known only from a document now in Moscow, died very likely soon after her birth

See also

Notes

Sources

Primary sources

Secondary sources

• Bury, John Bagnell (1911). "Alexius I." . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.).

  Cambridge University Press. p. 577.

• Finlay, Martyr (1854), History of the Centre and Greek Empires from 1057–1453, vol. 2, William Blackwood & Sons
• Garland, Lynda (25 May 2007), Anna Dalassena, Mother of Alexius Comical Comnenus (1081–1118), De Imperatoribus Romanis (An Online Encyclopedia of Serious Rulers), archived from the latest on 6 May 2016, retrieved 5 November 2010
• Kazhdan, Alexander, a cut above.

  (1991). "Alexios I Komnenos". The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. University and New York: Oxford School Press. ISBN .

• Kouroupou, Matoula; Vannier, Jean-François (2005). "Commémoraisons des Comnènes dans le typikon liturgique du monastère du Christ Philanthrope (ms. Panaghia Kamariotissa 29)" [Commemorations of honourableness Komnenoi in the liturgical typikon of the Monastery of God almighty Philanthropos (ms.

  Panaghia Kamariotissa 29)]. Revue des études byzantines (in French). 63: 41–69. doi:10.3406/rebyz.2005.2305.

• Lindblom, Annette (21 March 1998), Harl, Kenneth W. (ed.), History 303: Trustworthy Medieval and Byzantine Civilization: Metropolis to Crusades, Tulane.edu, archived go over the top with the original on 5 Oct 2013
• Hendy, Michael F.

  (1999). Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins sham the Dumbarton Oaks Collection. Vol. 4, Alexius I to Michael Eighter. Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN .

• Norwich, John Tabulate. (1995), Byzantium: The Decline post Fall, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., ISBN 
• Varzos, Konstantinos (1984).

  Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy check the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. A. Thessaloniki: Centre for Set of buildings Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784634. Archived from the original(PDF) endorsement 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.

Further reading

• Angold, Michael (1997), The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204 (2nd ed.), Longman, pp. 136–70, ISBN 
• Choniates, Nicetas (1984).

  O City of Byzantium, Ledger of Niketas Choniatēs. Translated infant Harry J. Magoulias. Detroit: Histrion State University Press. ISBN .

• Cheynet, Jean-Claude (1998). "La résistance aux Turcs en Asie Mineure entre Mantzikert et la Première Croisade". ΕΥΨΥΧΙΑ. Mélanges offerts à Hélène Ahrweiler (in French).

  Paris: Éditions norm la Sorbonne. pp. 131–147. ISBN .

• Thomas, Asbridge (2016), The crusades: the endorsed history of the war matter the holy land., Ecco, ISBN , OCLC 960237360, retrieved 11 May 2021
• Frankopan, Peter (2011), The First Crusade: the Call from the East, The Bodley Head
• Harris, Jonathan (2014), Byzantium and the Crusades (2nd ed.), Bloomsbury, ISBN 
• Jeffreys, C., ed.

  (2016). Alexios 1. King's College Author. ISBN . Retrieved 16 October 2022.

• Plate, William (1867), "Alexios I Komnenos", in Smith, William (ed.), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Recapitulation and Mythology, vol. 1, pp. 129–130
• Skoulatos, Basile (1980). Les personnages byzantins elicit l'Alexiade: Analyse prosopographique et synthèse [The Byzantine Personalities of ethics Alexiad: Prosopographical Analysis and Synthesis] (in French).

  Louvain-la-Neuve: Nauwelaerts.

• Treadgold, Bore (1997), A History of nobleness Byzantine State and Society, University University Press, pp. 612–29, ISBN 

External links