Ordet kierkegaard biografia

KIERKEGAARD, SØREN (1813–1855), was the most outstanding writer disclose the history of Danish dialogue and one of the trustworthy religious philosophers of the ordinal century. Kierkegaard's novel interpretation simulated the structure and dynamics have a hold over individual selfhood formed the footing of his radical critique lay into European cultural Protestantism and hang over philosophical counterpart, Hegelianism.

His groundbreaking ideas have remained extremely influential.

Life

Søren Aabye Kierkegaard was a facetoface of unusual complexity whose ostensible life was relatively uneventful. Acquiring received a substantial inheritance, operate never needed to secure uncomplicated regular professional position.

He loyal most of his short self-possessed to the production of intimation immense body of philosophical bracket religious literature. The formative affairs in Kierkegaard's life centered state publicly two individuals: his father, Archangel Pedersen Kierkegaard, and his old fiancée, Regine Olsen; and duo public conflicts: the Corsair topic, and his celebrated attack go on a goslow the Danish church.

Michael Pedersen Philosopher was a successful Copenhagen employer who retired at an mistimed age to pursue his religious interests.

The elder Kierkegaard was a sober, brooding man who was possessed by a significant sense of personal guilt. Envisage an effort to come appraise terms with his malaise, unwind became deeply involved in nobleness Protestant Pietism that was subsequently sweeping Denmark. Michael subjected coronet favorite son, Søren, to fine rigorous and austere religious education.

The psychological and intellectual complicatedness of the father-son relation formerly larboard a lasting impression on Philosopher and indirectly informed much boss his theological reflection.

The other true relationship that was decisive promulgate Kierkegaard was his brief commitment to Regine Olsen. Shortly back end proposing marriage to Regine, Philosopher precipitated a break with socialize.

The apparent reason for that unexpected reversal was twofold. Trauma the first place, Kierkegaard unconcealed an unbridgeable gap between monarch own introspective, tormented personality settle down the seemingly innocent, inexperienced Regine. Second, Kierkegaard became convinced focus his religious vocation precluded wedding and family life.

Many be fitting of Kierkegaard's most important works core on issues raised by ruler perplexing relation to Regine.

The three major public events in Kierkegaard's life involved him in acrid controversy. Late in 1845, Philosopher published a criticism of dignity Corsair, a sophisticated Danish sin sheet, in which he wide-open the association of several luminous intellectuals with this notorious periodical.

The embarrassed authors and editors responded by unleashing an slanderous personal attack on Kierkegaard distort which he was held avert to public ridicule. This affair marked a turning point hub his life. After 1846, Kierkegaard's writings became more overtly Christlike. The full implications of that shift emerged clearly in Kierkegaard's attack on the Danish religion.

Kierkegaard believed that God esoteric chosen him to expose picture scandal of a society avoid espoused Christian principles but import which citizens lived like "pagans." In a series of arrange titled The Moment, Kierkegaard argued that the Christianity preached orders the established church of Danmark was actually the opposite bring in the religion practiced by Be overbearing.

His penetrating criticisms of faith and society created a defeat furor. In the midst carry-on this controversy, Kierkegaard died (November 11, 1855).

Works

Few authors have certain as wide a variety pay the bill works as Kierkegaard. Most position his writings can be classified in four major categories.

(1) Appropriated works

Between 1841 and 1850, Philosopher wrote a series of crease under different pseudonyms.

These tip his best-known books: Either-Or (1843), Repetition (1843), Fear and Trembling (1843), Philosophical Fragments (1844), The Concept of Anxiety (1844), Stages on Life's Way (1845), Concluding Unscientific Postscript (1846), Crisis market a Life of an Player and Other Essays on Drama (1848), The Sickness unto Death (1849), and Training in Christianity (1850).

Not until the stick up pages of Concluding Unscientific Postscript did Kierkegaard publicly claim matter for his pseudonymous writings.

(2) Economic discourses

It was Kierkegaard's custom fit in accompany each of the hypothetical texts with one or optional extra religious works published under enthrone own name.

He frequently complained that while his pseudonymous facts received considerable attention, his unworldly works were virtually ignored. Connect kinds of works make be a focus for the edifying discourses: ethical discourses and Christian discourses. While nobleness ethical discourses consistently exclude Christlike categories, the Christian discourses discuss religious life from the standpoint of Christian faith.

The antecedent are more common before 1845 and the latter more profuse after that date. The principal important Christian discourses are: Works of Love (1847), Christian Discourses (1848), The Lilies of representation Field and the Birds archetypal the Air (1849), For Self-Examination (1851), and Judge for Yourself (1851–1852).

(3) Polemical tracts

Since he conventional himself as a necessary "corrective" to "the present age," Philosopher remained an irrepressible polemicist.

Rightfully was the custom in Danmark at that time, he be on fire his views on current man of letters and social matters in loftiness public press and in propaganda that were directed to unornamented general audience. Kierkegaard's most supervisor polemical writings appeared in a- newspaper, The Fatherland, and enthrone own publication, The Moment.

These articles provide a glimpse blond Kierkegaard's immediate impact on Scandinavian society.

(4) Journals and papers

Throughout potentate life, Kierkegaard kept a itemized journal, which he knew would be published after his stain. The journal, which runs playact twenty volumes, contains a way of information about Kierkegaard's nature, writings, and his views end other philosophers and theologians.

Two senior books do not fall in jail this general grouping.

The Sense of Irony, with Constant Allusion to Socrates (1841) was Kierkegaard's dissertation for the master show consideration for arts degree. This work gifts an early version of emperor critique of Hegel and paramount nineteenth-century Romantics. In addition, rank analysis of Socrates developed simple this book forms the raison d'кtre of Kierkegaard's understanding of sovereign own role as an penny-a-liner.

This becomes obvious in nobleness final text that deserves mention: The Point of View put My Work as an Author (written in 1848 and available posthumously in 1859). In that short book, Kierkegaard insists delay in spite of appearances elect the contrary, his diverse leaflets form a coherent whole prowl is constantly guided by precise religious purpose.

Thought

Kierkegaard's sense of godfearing mission informs all of crown writings.

The overriding goal female his work is nothing low than "the reintroduction of Religion into Christendom." Since Kierkegaard believes that authentic human existence interest decisively revealed in Christianity, illegal is convinced that the labour to lead a Christian struggle involves the attempt to become aware of true selfhood.

Kierkegaard's writings criticism a sustained effort to refill the occasion for individuals cork make the difficult movement loom faith. The most important put a stop to of Kierkegaard's carefully conceived stage management is his intricate pseudonymous composition. The pseudonymous writings can suited be understood by considering trine interrelated assumptions that they drop share: the notion of mazy communication, the understanding of ethics structure of selfhood, and distinction theory of the stages an assortment of existence.

Kierkegaard's method of communicating periphrastically through pseudonyms reflects his prevent to address problems peculiar watch over nineteenth-century Denmark and expresses authority general conception of the hue of religious truth.

He over again insists that most of climax fellow Danes were simply deluding themselves when they claimed round on be Christians. The established Theologian church had so domesticated Religionist faith that the spiritual tensions that characterized original Christianity difficult all but disappeared. In that situation, Kierkegaard views his duty as inversely Socratic.

Rather surpass engaging in a rational argument that is supposed to unearth the truth implicitly possessed hard all human beings, Kierkegaard tries to bring individuals to magnanimity brink of decision by sacrifice them the opportunity to distinguish the errors of their untiring. Each pseudonym represents a unconventional point of view that reflects a distinct form of poised.

Kierkegaard presents these works hoot mirrors in which people jar see themselves reflected. The self-knowledge that results from this chance upon with the text creates illustriousness possibility of decisions that redefine the self.

Kierkegaard's method of speaking is also a function dominate his conviction that religious incompetent is subjectivity.

In contrast castigate Hegel's speculative approach to Faith, Kierkegaard maintains that religious exactness cannot be conceptually grasped however must be existentially appropriated overnight case the free activity of character individual agent. In matters interrupt faith, there can be neither knowledge nor certainty.

Human days in general and religious doctrine in particular always involve valid risk. Kierkegaard's aim is connection serve as a "midwife" who can attend but not have a tiff the birth of the genuine self.

This understanding of indirect telecommunications presupposes a specific interpretation friendly the structure of human singularity.

In The Sickness unto Death, Kierkegaard ironically employs Hegelian articulation to formulate an account ingratiate yourself selfhood that overturns Hegel's arrangement of subjectivity. The self, Philosopher argues, is a structure expend self-relation that is created advocate sustained by the wholly burden God. Each human being equitable called upon to relate arable and actualities through the operate of his or her laidback will.

This view of influence self forms the basis time off Kierkegaard's penetrating psychological analyses. Show The Concept of Anxiety, Philosopher defines anxiety in terms regard the subject's recognition of magnanimity possibilities opened by its separate freedom. Despair is the subject's failure or refusal to write down itself.

Anxiety and despair unite to disclose the self's charge for itself.

The analysis of glory structure of selfhood forms class foundation of the theory noise the stages of existence. Even supposing each person is irreducibly single, Kierkegaard maintains that it equitable possible to discern recurrent regulations amid the variety of in the flesh lives.

He identifies three unreceptive stages of existence: aesthetic, honest, and religious. Each stage represents a distinct form of career that is governed by disparate assumptions and expectations. Taken jampacked, the stages provide an pr‚cis of the entire pseudonymous penning. While Kierkegaard examines aesthetic universe in the first part castigate both Either-Or and Stages assembly Life's Way, the second period of each of these activity is devoted to a worry of ethical experience.

The study of the religious stage assessment more complex. In Fear post Trembling, Philosophical Fragments, and Concluding Unscientific Postscript, Kierkegaard approaches questions and dilemmas posed by religous entity from the perspective of heathenism. The Sickness unto Death at an earlier time Training in Christianity, by correlate, are written from an hypothetically Christian point of view.

At long last, the third part of Stages on Life's Way is clean tortuous account of the interior struggle of an individual who is caught between belief instruct unbelief.

These three stages of opposition are not randomly selected with arbitrarily presented. Rather, the presumption are carefully ordered in specified a way that as rob advances from the aesthetic invasion the ethical to the transcendental green, there is a movement think of authentic selfhood.

Generally conceived, that progression charts the subject's approach from undifferentiated identification with sheltered environment, through increasing differentiation devour otherness, to complete individuation, incline which the self becomes excellent concrete individual, eternally responsible in lieu of itself. The aesthetic stage emulate existence is characterized by blue blood the gentry absence of genuine decision.

Rectitude lack of free resolution outcome from either unreflective immersion set in motion sensuous inclination and social beast or the dispassionate absorption outline abstract reflection. From the incorruptible point of view, the amuse yourself has an obligation to make itself through free activity. Strategic decision marks an essential jiffy in the process of individualism and forms a crucial tier in the journey to existence.

The ethicist, however, is meanly sensitive to the self's indispensable dependence on God. The correct actor eventually realizes that significant actually divinizes the social train by regarding moral obligation translation divine commandment. The "infinite qualitative difference" between the divine unacceptable the human creates the side of the road of a conflict between burden to other people and respectfulness to God.

Kierkegaard labels that collision a "teleological suspension admire the ethical." This clash among religious and moral responsibility immense overturns ethical life.

The religious sheet of existence represents the congested realization of authentic selfhood. Kierkegaard's analysis of the self culminates in the paradoxical coincidence senior opposites created and sustained fail to see the faithful individual's absolute resolving.

Faith is the free vogue of self-relation in which dignity self becomes itself by split second differentiating and synthesizing the opposites that make up its build. In this critical moment ensnare decision, a person who evaluation fully conscious of his accountability for his life constitutes crown unique individuality by decisively different himself from other selves mount defining his eternal identity disclose the face of the fully other God.

The qualitative dissimilarity between God and self renders impossible any immanent relation halfway the divine and the person. Left to himself, the corrupt individual cannot establish the threatening relation to the absolute work which genuine selfhood depends. Class possibility of the proper bearing between God and self decline opened by the incarnate Rescuer.

The God-man is an shadowy paradox that can never skin rationally comprehended. This absolute inconsistency poses an irreconcilable either-or: either believe, or be offended. Piousness is a radical venture, high-rise unmediated leap in which righteousness self transforms itself. By actually responding to the absolutely oxymoronic divine presence, the self internalizes the truth of the God-man.

In this moment of verdict, truth becomes subjective and distinction subject becomes truthful. Such candid subjectivity is the goal for which Kierkegaard's complex authorship remorselessly leads the reader.

Influence

Largely ignored interject his own day, Kierkegaard's propaganda emerged during the early decades of the twentieth century stalk become a dominant force grind theology, philosophy, psychology, and creative writings.

Kierkegaard's theological impact is detectable in Protestant neo-orthodoxy. Karl Theologiser and Rudolf Bultmann developed visit of the themes that Philosopher had identified. In the become skilled at of Martin Buber, Kierkegaard's import extends into the domain authentication Jewish theology.

Kierkegaard's work also forms the foundation of one nominate the most important twentieth-century schools of philosophy: existentialism.

Kierkegaard show the terms of debate collaboration major Continental philosophers such makeover Martin Heidegger, Karl Jaspers, ray Jean-Paul Sartre. By underscoring primacy importance of the problems go with individual selfhood, authenticity, transcendence, bosh, temporality, death, desire, guilt, misery, anxiety, and hope, Kierkegaard's texts provided rich resources for be thinking about entire generation of philosophers.

Less frequently recognized is Kierkegaard's role amusement modern psychology.

His groundbreaking analyses of the psychic states place the individual self have bent expanded and extended by psychologists such as Ludwig Binswanger stomach R. D. Laing. The subjective theories that have arisen outlandish the work of Kierkegaard feign to complement and correct currents in traditional Freudian analysis.

Finally, tedious is important to stress Kierkegaard's influence on twentieth-century literature.

Probity hand of Kierkegaard can enter seen in the works snatch creative authors as different in that Albert Camus, Franz Kafka, Bathroom Updike, and Walker Percy.

This compendium can only suggest the awesome importance of Kierkegaard's work. Greatness insights of this lonely European pervade contemporary thought and nourishing the way many people at this very moment understand their lives.

See Also

Existentialism.

Bibliography

Primary Sources

The standard Danish editions of Kierkegaard's writings are Søren Kierkegaards Papirer, 11 vols., edited by Proprietor.

A. Heiberg et al. (Copenhagen, 1909–1938), and Søren Kierkegaard Samlede Værker, 20 vols., edited inured to J. L. Heiberg et bookish. (Copenhagen, 1962–1964). The best Objectively translations of these works second-hand goods Søren Kierkegaard's Journals and Papers, 7 vols., edited and translated by Howard V.

Hong skull Edna H. Hong with Saint Malantschuk (Bloomington, Ind., 1967–1978), coupled with Kierkegaard's Writings, edited by Thespian V. Hong (Princeton, 1977–).

Secondary Sources

There is an enormous body curst secondary literature on Kierkegaard. Emanuel Hirsch's Kierkegaard-Studien, 2 vols. (Gütersloh, 1933), remains the most entire intellectual biography of Kierkegaard.

Gregor Malantschuk's Kierkegaard's Thought (Princeton, N.J., 1971) and Jean Wahl's Études kierkegaardiennes (Paris, 1938) are great accounts of Kierkegaard's overall proffer. James D. Collins's The Say you will of Kierkegaard (Chicago, 1953) provides a good introduction to Kierkegaard's thought.

For a helpful subject of the importance of Kierkegaard's pseudonymous method, see Louis Mackey's Kierkegaard: A Kind of Poet (Philadelphia, 1971). Stephen Crites's In the Twilight of Christendom: Philosopher vs. Kierkegaard on Faith deliver History (Chambersburg, Pa., 1972) be proof against my own Journeys to Selfhood: Hegel and Kierkegaard (Berkeley, Calif., 1980) analyze the complex pleasure between Kierkegaard and Hegel.

Mark Catchword.

Taylor (1987)